A Review Paper on BMS for Electric Vehicles with Charge Monitor and Fire Protection

Abstract

Lithium batteries are the most commonly used energy storage devices in items such as electric vehicles, portable devices, and energy storage systems. However, if lithium batteries will not continuously monitored, their performance could be degraded, their lifetime becomes shortened, or severe damage or explosion could be happen. To prevent such types of accidents, we propose a lithium battery state of health(SoH) monitoring method and state of charge estimation algorithm based on the state of health results. And also speed control in electric vehicles is mandatory Because it is used to influence the rotational speed of motors and machinery. This has a direct effect on the operation of the machine and is crucial for the quality and overall outcome of the work. Li-ion batteries having a lot of energy into them, and thermal runaway accelerates quicker the more power present in the battery itself. If a battery is fully charged and something is happened inside it, then thermal runaway would happen really quickly. To overcome this problem, fire protection of electric vehicle is necessary.

Introduction

1. Introduction to Electric Vehicles (EVs)

• EVs use electric motors powered by batteries instead of internal combustion engines.

• Key advantages over traditional vehicles include:

  • Reduced emissions

  • Quiet operation

  • Lower operational costs

  • Greater sustainability

2. Importance of Battery Management System (BMS)

• Li-ion batteries are widely used in EVs for their efficiency and longevity.

• However, they are sensitive to overload, deep discharge, overcharge, and temperature extremes, which can cause:

  • Battery degradation

  • Fires or explosions

• A Battery Management System (BMS) ensures:

  • Safe operation within voltage and temperature limits

  • Monitoring of battery State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and State of Function (SOF)

  • Load balancing and fault protection

3. Battery Types and BMS Technologies

A. Battery Types:

• Primary batteries (non-rechargeable) and Secondary batteries (rechargeable).

• Popular EV batteries:

  • Li-ion (most preferred due to long life, safety, and environmental friendliness)

  • Lead-acid, Ni-Cd, NiMH

B. Key BMS Technologies:

• Battery modeling for performance prediction

• SOC/SOH estimation using sensors

• Thermal management and optimized charging algorithms

• Safety systems for fault detection (e.g., short circuits, pressure buildup)

4. BMS Architecture and Implementation

• BMS is often connected via a CAN bus to the vehicle’s electronics.

• Key functions:

  • Monitor voltage, temperature, current

  • Estimate battery health and usage limits

  • Communicate with vehicle systems

• Simulation using SystemC allows real-time testing and tuning.

• ICs like AS8505 and microcontrollers manage real-time cell data and balancing.

5. Temperature and Power Management

• Maintaining safe thermal range is critical to avoid battery failure or explosion.

• Smart BMS adjusts charging speed, cooling, or shutdown based on temperature.

• Efficient power distribution is key to minimizing losses and protecting components.

6. Charging Safety and Equipment

• Charging safety involves:

  • Grid side: Preventing harmonics and power quality issues

  • Equipment side: Fire prevention and quality control

  • Vehicle side and platform safety: Proper insulation and fault detection

• Abnormal charging conditions must be handled with real-time monitoring and protective mechanisms.

7. Literature Survey and Charging Techniques

A. Advanced BMS for Grid-Scale and Vehicle Applications

• Uses physics-based models for accuracy

• Addresses inefficiencies in the energy grid via Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

B. Modular Multilevel BMS

• Allows for flexibility and fault-tolerance

• Cells can be bypassed or operated independently for longer lifespan

C. Multi-Battery Bus Communication

• Uses loop shaping and bus networks to coordinate multiple battery modules

• Improves dynamic response and reliability

8. Charging Methods and Optimization

Traditional Methods:

• CC (Constant Current), CV (Constant Voltage), CC-CV, and Multi-Stage (MCC)

  • CC: Simple but may degrade battery

  • CC-CV: Better balance between speed and battery health

Optimization Strategies:

• Modify CV/CC rates for thermal control

• Use learning-based and model-based algorithms (e.g., TLBO, M-BBO) to optimize:

  • Charging time

  • Energy efficiency

  • Temperature rise

Conclusion

Key technologies in the BMS of EVs have beenreviewed and defined in this paper, especially in the fields ofbattery modelling, state estimation and batterycharging. In conclusion, an essential part of electricvehicles that guarantees the security, dependability,and longevity of the battery pack is the EV BMSwith charge monitor and fire protection. Bysupplying the crucial safety features like temperaturecontrol, fault detection, cell balancing, and fireprotection, the system reduces the possibility ofbattery fires and enhances the overall efficiency ofelectric vehicles. In order to improve the featuresand capabilities of EV BMS with charge monitorand fireprevention, more research and developmentis still possible. A few potential future work areasinclude enhancing theprecision and dependabilityof battery monitoring systems is to deliver moreacerated and timely data regarding the charge,health, and function of the battery pack.

References

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Copyright © 2025 Vijay Kumar Yadav, Niranjan Nishad, Shivam Tiwari, Ashutosh Kumar Yadav. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.