A Review-Zero Energy Building

Abstract

The concept of net zero energy building has attracted many attentions and controversies since it was put forward. Many scholars have analyzed its configuration, technology, modelling approach and feasibility of application. However, there are still few studies focus on the application of net zero buildings considering future energy development. Based on the current energy situation and the development trend of energy technology, this paper analyzed the technical feasibility of net zero energy building. The Indira ParyavaranBhawan it\'s indeed a remarkable example of sustainable architecture, being India’s first net zero energy building. By incorporating green building features and minimizing its impact on the surrounding environment, this building serves as a model for environmentally responsible construction. The project\'s objective is to create a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) for The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) infrastructure expansion drives national progress. Construction activities, factories, and industries pollute the environment construction sector contributes 40% Of air pollution. co 2 emissions harm the ozone layer, causing global warming, Adopt green building construction, eco-friendly materials, Balancing infrastructure growth with environmental concerns is crucial. Sustainable practices, like green buildings and eco-friendly materials, offer a feasible solution to mitigate pollution and environmental harm infrastructure growth must balance development with Environmental conservation. The construction industry contributes significantly to environmental pollution (40% of air pollution). Cement and steel production are primary sources of Co2 emissions (8-10% and 510% respectively). Zero energy building offer a sustainable solution, minimizing environmental impacts and Promoting occupant health. The construction industry\'s environmental impact can be mitigated through sustainable practices, such as zero energy buildings, to balance development with environmental conservation it is reported that 30% to 40% of all the primary energy used worldwide is used in building. It is necessary to take steps to make the more environmentally sustainable. The Zero Energy Building uses natural energy sources to meet the energy requirements of the building. Now a day, the energy which is created produced 36% of co2 emission. The building consumes zero or very little energy and is built on renewable energy sources. We have carried out a studied in this work to analyse the performance of a zero-energy building, also studied the various parameters of ZEB and found such building is possible. In India it emphasis the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) energy analysis and practical construction method to optimize design for enhanced energy efficiency. Additionally, the study searching into combining local bio -based construction materials with PHOTHO VOLTAIC (PV) system for sustainable rural housing solution in developing nations ultimately, these covers the way towards a more sustainable and energy – efficient future by promoting innovative solutions and practices in building design and construction.

Introduction

India faces significant energy challenges due to its growing population and economy, requiring a substantial increase in energy supply and electricity generation. Currently, India experiences notable electricity shortages, which calls for sustainable building solutions to reduce energy demand and environmental impact.

Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) are highly energy-efficient structures designed to produce as much renewable energy on-site as they consume annually. NZEBs reduce energy consumption, operational costs, and carbon emissions. India’s first NZEB, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in New Delhi, exemplifies this with energy-efficient design and solar power integration.

Globally, buildings are responsible for around 40% of energy consumption and 37% of CO2 emissions, with building energy demand projected to rise significantly by 2050. NZEBs address these issues by combining energy efficiency with renewable energy generation, helping reduce reliance on fossil fuels and supporting sustainable development goals.

The literature highlights various definitions, technologies, and strategies for NZEBs, including energy management systems, renewable energy integration (especially solar), building design optimization, and material selection. Studies emphasize the importance of life cycle assessments, balancing operational and embodied carbon emissions, and economic feasibility.

Successful NZEB implementation requires technological advancements, policy support, economic incentives, and awareness of occupant behavior. Sustainable construction practices, such as using eco-friendly materials and green design principles, are crucial for reducing environmental impact.

Ultimately, NZEBs represent a promising approach to addressing energy challenges, mitigating climate change, and promoting resilient, sustainable buildings globally.

Conclusion

Its analysis and examines the viability of Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) as a sustainable alternative to conventional buildings. NZEBs generate their own energy, reducing both energy crises and environmental emissions. The study explores strategies for achieving net-zero energy in existing buildings, reviewing policies, on-site energy generation, and the role of solar PV in balancing energy demand and supply. Amid change and energy scarcity, energy efficiency and smart system applications are highlighted. The study also emphasizes the significance of embodied carbon in building life cycle assessments. Technological advancements, innovative materials, and modelling techniques are discussed for cost-effective, climate-responsive designs. The selection of energy systems and the environmental impact of renewable sources are also considered. Its finds to suggest that addressing inconsistencies in greenhouse gas (GHG) assessments, balancing energy efficiency with sustainability, and refining climate-dependent designs are crucial. Public awareness, emerging technologies, financial incentives, and policy support are essential for expanding NZEB adoption. Investment in scientific research and technological advancements is recommended to drive NZEB development.

References

[1] Mohammad Reza Bahrami (August 2021)Zero Energy Buildings: Systematic Literature Review [2] Zalamea-León (August 2024)Photovoltaics for reaching Net-Zero Energy Standard in Educational buildings. [3] Riel Miller (January 2010) A Case Study in Building Futures Literacy. [4] Daniela Besana(March 2023)Moving toward Net Zero Carbon Buildings to Face Global Warming: A Narrative Review. [5] Zhou (January 2025)Renewable Energy Integration and Energy Efficiency Enhancement for a Net-Zero-Carbon Commercial Building. [6] VinayakPavate (July 2024)Green Building and Energy-Efficient Design. [7] Taherahmadi (September 2024)Multi-objective optimization of energy demand and net zero energy building design based on climatic conditions. [8] Loli (August 2024)zero energy building\" (design a building with net zero energy concept) [9] Grazieschi (June 2023)Energy and greenhouse gases life cycle assessment of electric and hydrogen buses: A real-world case study in Bolzano Italy. [10] Li (January 2022)Environmental Analysis of Integrating Photovoltaics and Energy Storage in Building. [11] Brahme (December 2024)Analysis of the Potential For Transforming A Building Into A Net Zero Energy Building.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Vinayak Pavate, Pranita More, Pratik Naik, Bhakati Galatage, Sakashi Khot. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.