Effectiveness of a Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge of Maternal Postpartum Depression among Husbands of Antenatal Mothers in Selected Hospitals of Thrissur District

Abstract

Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent but often underdiagnosed mental health issue that can adversely affect mothers, infants, and family dynamics. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module (SIM) in enhancing the knowledge of husbands of antenatal mothers regarding maternal PPD in selected hospitals of Thrissur district, Kerala. The objectives of the study included assessing the existing knowledge of participants, evaluating the effectiveness of the SIM, and identifying any association between pre-test knowledge and selected demographic variables. A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was employed. Sixty husbands of antenatal mothers were selected using non-probability purposive sampling from antenatal out patient departments. A structured knowledge questionnaire was administered before and after the SIM intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed a significant improvement in post-test knowledge scores (t = [insert value], p < 0.001), indicating that the SIM was effective in increasing awareness of maternal PPD. No significant association was found between pre-test knowledge levels and demographic variables. The study concludes that self-instructional modules are an effective, low-cost educational tool to improve husbands’ knowledge of maternal mental health. Integration of such targeted interventions into antenatal care is recommended to promote early recognition and support for postpartum depression.

Introduction

Bearings are essential components that support rotating shafts and reduce friction to enable smooth motion in various mechanical systems, including automotive engines, turbines, and industrial machinery. Despite their robust design, bearings are prone to failure due to mechanical, thermal, chemical, or lubrication-related causes. These failures can lead to costly downtime and system breakdowns, making the understanding of bearing failure modes crucial for improving reliability and maintenance.

Common bearing failures arise from improper lubrication, fatigue, contamination, misalignment, overloading, and poor installation. Each failure type leaves unique physical and metallurgical marks, allowing root cause analysis to identify issues. This paper categorizes failure modes such as surface and subsurface fatigue, wear (abrasive and adhesive), corrosion (moisture and frictional), electrical erosion, and plastic deformation, explaining their mechanisms and effects on bearing life.

Approximately 0.5% of bearings fail due to damage annually, with fatigue, lubrication problems, contamination, and improper handling being major causes. Damage progression varies with operating conditions, and early detection through vibration, temperature, and noise monitoring helps prevent catastrophic failures. Advanced condition-based monitoring can detect damage earlier than traditional sensory methods.

The study emphasizes that accurate diagnosis of failure modes aids in optimizing bearing design, maintenance strategies, and minimizing unexpected downtime, thus extending bearing service life and ensuring system safety and efficiency.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that the Self-Instructional Module (SIM) was effective in enhancing the knowledge of husbands of antenatal mothers regarding maternal postpartum depression. Prior to the intervention, both the case and control groups showed moderate levels of knowledge, but after the SIM, there was a statistically significant improvement among the case group. The study also found no significant association between knowledge scores and demographic variables such as age, education, religion, or type of marriage. These findings highlight the importance of involving husbands in maternal health education to ensure early recognition and management of postpartum depression, ultimately promoting better maternal mental health outcomes.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 ALEENA ANTHONY, ANJALY PAUL, ANNRIT C BIJU, ATHULYA P A, DONA POULOSE, ANISHA SHAJI, NIDHI THOMAS, SANDRA SAJEEV. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.