Accident Detection and Vehicle Black Box System

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of a Smart Bike Black Box System that enhances road safety through real-time monitoring and accident detection using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller with multiple sensors such as a GPS module, MPU6050 accelerometer, vibration sensor, and a limit switch to monitor vehicle conditions continuously. The system transmits live data including speed, location, and acceleration to a cloud platform using Firebase Realtime Database. A multi-condition accident detection algorithm is implemented to improve accuracy and reduce false alarms. In the event of an accident, the system logs the incident and sends instant alerts along with the precise location via SMS using Fast2SMS API. The system is cost-effective, reliable, and suitable for real-world deployment, contributing significantly to improving emergency response time and reducing accident fatalities.

Introduction

The text describes a Smart Bike Black Box System designed to improve road safety by detecting accidents and sending real-time emergency alerts.

Road accidents often lead to high fatalities mainly because of delayed medical response. To address this, the proposed system uses IoT and embedded sensors to continuously monitor a bike’s motion and detect accidents instantly.

The system uses multiple sensors:

• GPS module for location and speed tracking
• MPU6050 (accelerometer + gyroscope) for detecting sudden motion changes
• Vibration sensor for impact detection
• Limit switch for confirming strong collisions

All sensors send data to an ESP32 microcontroller, which runs an accident detection algorithm. The system confirms an accident only when at least two sensor conditions are triggered, reducing false alarms from bumps or sudden braking.

Once an accident is detected, the system:

• Sends data to Firebase Realtime Database for live tracking and logs
• Sends an SMS alert via Fast2SMS API with location and Google Maps link
• Updates emergency contacts instantly for quick response

The architecture includes three layers: sensing, processing, and communication, ensuring continuous monitoring and fast decision-making.

References

[1] Espressif Systems, “ESP32 technical reference manual,” 2023. Available: https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32_technical_reference_manual_en.pdf [2] Google, “Firebase Realtime Database documentation,” available: https://firebase.google.com/docs/database [3] Invensense, “MPU6050 motion tracking device datasheet,” available: https://www.invensense.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/mpu-6000-datasheet1.pdf [4] U-blox, “NEO-6 GPS Module Datasheet,” available: https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/products/documents/neo-6_datasheet_%28gps.g6-hw-09005%29.pdf [5] Fast2SMS, “Fast2SMS API Documentation,” available: https://www.fast2sms.com/ [6] M. Ali, A. Khan, and S. Ahmad, “IOT based Smart Accident Detection System,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2020. Available: https://www.ijert.org/iot-based-accident-detection-system [7] S. Sharma and R. Singh, “Vehicle Accident Detection and Alert System using IOT,” International Journal of Computer Applications, 2019. Available: https://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume182/number44/30055-2019918560/ [8] K. Patel et al., “Real-time vehicle accident detection and tracking System using GPS and GSM,” International journal of Innovative research in science, Engineering and Technology, 2018. Available: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2018/april/119_vehicle.pdf [9] Arduino, “Arduino IDE documentation,” available: https://docs.arduino.cc/software/ide/ [10] IEEE, “Accident Detection Systems using Wireless Technologies,” available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Aditya Shimpi, Aditya Shirsath , Nikita Ekhande, Chetana Kurhade , Prof. Archana R. Sonawane. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.