Automatic Wireless Vehicle Charging System Using Solar Energy

Abstract

The global transition to electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates robust, efficient, and sustainable charging infrastructure. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of automatic wireless vehicle charging systems integrated with solar energy, addressing the critical need for eco-friendly and convenient EV power solutions. The fundamental principles of wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, including inductive, resonant, and capacitive coupling, are explored, highlighting their suitability and limitations for EV applications. The integration of solar energy is examined, detailing photovoltaic conversion, energy storage mechanisms, and the overall system architecture that enables seamless, grid-independent charging. Key technical challenges such as power transfer efficiency, coil misalignment, foreign object detection (FOD), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are discussed, alongside proposed mitigation strategies. The paper further investigates the crucial role of smart grid integration and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capabilities in enhancing grid stability and energy management. Current global research, pilot projects, and commercial initiatives demonstrate the accelerating maturity of this technology. While offering significant advantages in environmental impact, energy independence, and user convenience, solar-powered wireless EV charging systems face hurdles related to initial costs, efficiency losses, and land use. The future outlook points towards advanced materials, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization, and standardized protocols as pivotal for widespread adoption, paving the way for a cleaner, more resilient, and sustainable transportation ecosystem.

Introduction

Background & Motivation:
The shift to electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by environmental goals and battery cost reductions. Traditional wired charging has drawbacks like inconvenience and infrastructure strain. Solar-powered wireless charging offers a sustainable, convenient alternative that enhances grid resilience.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) & Solar Integration:
WPT transmits power wirelessly, mainly via magnetic resonance coupling for EVs, combined with solar energy harvested from photovoltaic (PV) panels. This integration enables a self-sufficient, cable-free charging system with reduced carbon footprint.

WPT Fundamentals:
Inductive charging and resonant inductive coupling (RIC) are core technologies, with efficiency influenced by coil design, frequency, and alignment. High-power wireless charging (>1 kW) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) while driving are emerging to alleviate range anxiety.

Solar Energy Advances:
PV efficiencies have improved, especially with perovskite and bifacial cells, allowing integration into vehicles and infrastructure. Energy storage using batteries and supercapacitors addresses solar intermittency for stable charging.

System Architecture:
Solar panels generate DC power, stored in batteries, then inverted to AC for wireless transmission via coils. The vehicle receives and converts it back to DC to charge. Control systems manage power flow and safety.

Charging Modes:

• Static Wireless Charging (SWC): For stationary EVs, requiring precise alignment.

• Dynamic Wireless Charging (DWC): Enables charging on the move but faces technical and cost challenges.

Power & Battery Management:
Efficient energy conversion, MPPT, and advanced control algorithms optimize system performance. Battery Management Systems (BMS) ensure safety, longevity, and real-time monitoring.

Grid Interaction & V2G:
Solar wireless charging reduces grid reliance but can cause voltage stability issues. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) enable bidirectional energy flows, supporting grid stability and energy independence, though they present challenges like battery degradation and cybersecurity.

Safety & Environmental Impact:
EMF emissions are regulated for safety. Foreign Object Detection (FOD) and Living Object Detection (LOD) enhance safety around charging pads. Solar wireless charging reduces greenhouse gas emissions and enables battery downsizing.

Economic Viability:
High initial costs are offset by lower operational expenses, government incentives, and potential revenues from V2G. Wireless systems reduce maintenance and improve convenience.

Future Trends & Challenges:
Advances include faster wireless charging, AI integration, advanced batteries, autonomous charging, and smart digital interfaces. Research gaps involve technical improvements, infrastructure costs, safety measures, and grid cybersecurity.

Conclusion

The automatic wireless vehicle charging system using solar energy represents a pivotal advancement in the pursuit of sustainable transportation. This integrated approach leverages the inherent advantages of wireless power transfer technologies—namely convenience, enhanced safety, and reduced wear and tear—with the environmental and energy independence benefits of solar power. By embracing resonant inductive coupling as the foundational WPT method and incorporating robust battery energy storage systems, the intermittency of solar energy can be effectively managed, ensuring a reliable and continuous power supply for electric vehicles. While significant technical challenges related to power transfer efficiency, coil misalignment, foreign object detection, and electromagnetic interference persist, ongoing research and innovative mitigation strategies are steadily addressing these hurdles. The seamless integration with smart grids and the proliferation of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capabilities further position these systems as critical components for future energy ecosystems, enabling optimized load management, enhanced grid stability, and efficient utilization of renewable energy resources. Global pilot projects and commercial initiatives, exemplified by Electreon\'s dynamic charging roads and various solar-powered charging stations in urban and rural settings, underscore the growing feasibility and market readiness of this technology. Despite the high initial costs and the need for standardized protocols, the long-term environmental benefits, operational cost savings, and the promise of a truly seamless charging experience make solar-powered wireless EV charging a transformative solution. Continued advancements in material science, power electronics, AI-driven optimization, and collaborative policy frameworks will be instrumental in overcoming existing barriers, paving the way for a cleaner, more resilient, and sustainable future for electric mobility.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Kaustav Ray, Debjit Biswas, Surajit Basak, Koushik Pal, Kaushik Roy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.