Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid System for EV Transportation

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) face challenges in achieving optimal energy efficiency, prolonged battery life, and enhanced power delivery for high-performance applications. To address these issues, this project proposes a Battery-Super capacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) integrated with a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The system utilizes a battery for steady energy supply and a super capacitor for high-power transient demands, ensuring better energy management, reduced battery stress, and improved overall efficiency. The ATmega328 microcontroller monitors voltage levels, controls power flow, and optimizes energy distribution. The system also includes MOSFET driver circuits, a voltage sensor, and an LCD display for real-time monitoring. This approach enhances energy utilization, increases the lifespan of the battery, and provides a more sustainable solution for electric vehicle power management.

Introduction

Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) combine two types of energy sources with different power densities—typically a battery as the primary source for steady, long-term power, and a super-capacitor for short bursts of high power to handle rapid fluctuations. These sources connect to a common bus via passive, semi-active, or active methods to ensure stable power supply despite load changes.

The literature highlights key research on battery modeling, super-capacitor dynamics, and hybrid system optimization, emphasizing energy efficiency, thermal management, and lifetime enhancement.

The methodology involves designing a HESS with a battery and super-capacitor, employing a bidirectional DC-DC converter for efficient energy transfer, and using a microcontroller-based control system to optimize energy distribution. Real-time monitoring with an LCD display provides system status and alerts.

Experimental testing on a prototype with a 48V Li-ion battery and 12V super-capacitor using a buck-boost converter validated the system’s efficiency, stability, and reliability under various loads.

Conclusion

This article proposed an adaptive ? tracking controller for the HESS system comprising an active combination of battery and super-capacitor. The controller is robust against various uncertainties like change in SOC, change in system parameters and measurement noise. Moreover, the controller is simple in structure and does not require intensive computations. The simulations and experiments shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Therefore, the controller may be suitable for practical implementation.

References

[1] T. Mesbahi, N. Rizoug, P.Bartholome¨us, R. Sadoun, F. Khenfri,andP. Le Moigne, “Dynamic model of li-ion batteries incorporating electro thermal and ageing aspects for electric vehicle applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 2,pp.12981305,2018. [2] Gualous, H., Bouquain, D., Berthon, A. and Kauffmann, J.M., 2003. Experimental study of supercapacitor serial resistance and capacitance variations with temperature. Journal of power sources, 123(1), pp.86-93. [3] Kim, J., Shin, D., Baek, D. and Park, J., 2019. Design and optimization of supercapacitor hybrid architecture for power supply-connected batteries lifetime enhancement. Electronics, 8(1), p.41.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Srinivasan C, Prasanth M, Praveen S, Srikanth S, Vasanth Kumar M. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.