Ijraset Journal For Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

Abstract

There may be no doubt that the progressive idea of the blockchain, that is the underlying era in the back of the famous cryptocurrency Bitcoin and its successors, is triggering the beginning of a brand new generation in the net and the web services. At the same time as most people focus simplest at cryptocurrencies; in truth, many administrative operations, fintech techniques, and regular services that may handiest be finished offline and/or in person, can now competently be moved to the net as on-line offerings. What makes it a powerful tool for digitizing everyday services is the creation of clever contracts, as in the Ethereum platform. Smart contracts are meaningful portions of codes, to be integrated in the blockchain and achieved as scheduled in each step of blockchain updates. E-voting on the other hand, is every other trending, yet vital, subject matter related to the online services. The blockchain with the smart contracts, emerges as an excellent candidate to apply in trends of more secure, less expensive, more comfortable, more obvious, and less complicated-to-use e vote casting systems. Ethereum and its community is one of the most suitable ones, due to its consistency, full-size use, and provision of smart contracts common sense. An e-balloting system should be comfy, as it has to now not allow duplicate votes and be completely obvious, at the same time as shielding the privacy of the attendees. In this work, we have carried out and tested a sample e-vote casting utility as a smart settlement for the Ethereum community, the use of the Ethereum wallets and the Solidity language. Android platform is likewise taken into consideration to permit vote casting for individuals who do not have an Ethereum wallet. After an election is held, eventually, the Ethereum blockchain will maintain the facts of ballots and votes. customers can submit their votes through an Android tool or immediately from their Ethereum wallets, and those transaction requests are treated with the consensus of each unmarried Ethereum node. This consensus creates a transparent environment for e-balloting. similarly to a large dialogue about reliability and performance of the blockchain-based e vote casting structures, our application and its take a look at consequences are presented on this paper, too.boundaries.

Introduction

I.INTRODUCTION

Blockchain technology that shines like a celeb after the  entrance and huge attractiveness of Bitcoin [1], the very  first cryptocurrency in peoples’ regular life, has grown to be a  trending topic in today's software program globally. At the beginning,  Blockchain changed into only used for monetary transactions and  alternate, however research has started to signify that it can be used  in many more areas over time, due to the fact there's a high diploma  of transparency in this device. As an instance, in Bitcoin, because  the wallets are in a dispensed structure, the whole quantity of  coins and immediate transaction quantity inside the world can be  observed momentarily and actually. there is no need for an important authority to approve or whole the operations on  this P2P-based system. 

Because of that, no longer simplest the money transfers but also all  varieties of structural information may be saved on this distributed  chain, and with the help of a few cryptological strategies, the  device may be maintained securely. Like people's assets,  marriage certificates, financial institution account books, clinical  data, etc., a variety of records can be recorded with  this device with relevant changes [2]. Ethereum coin  (Ether), any other cryptocurrency with multipurpose  development environments, which emerged some years after  Bitcoin, distinguishes the blockchain in an actual experience,  revealing that this era can produce software programs which could  keep records that are based as defined above. The  software program programs enforced via smart contracts [3]  (defined later) are written into the blockchain and are  immutable. They can't be (illegally) eliminated nor  manipulated once written. For this reason, they can paint nicely,  autonomously and transparently for all time, with none  external stimuli [4]. 

As already referred to, with its unique distributed and  at ease idea, the blockchain technology may also address  many issues other than virtual exchange. It is probably a completely appropriate answer for e-vote casting initiatives. E-vote casting is being  studied notably, and many implementations are tested  and even used for a while. but, very few  implementations are reliable sufficient and are nevertheless in use. Of  course, there are numerous hit examples of online polls  and questionnaires, yet we cannot declare the identical for online  elections for governments and companies.

That’s specifically  because, legit elections are essential elements of the  democracy and democratic administrations, which might be the  maximum favored administrative technique within the modern-day  global. more, what's maximum valued in democratic societies is a  sturdy electoral system that gives transparency and  privacy. nowadays, a variety of choices are being made with the aid of human beings  (and contributors in companies). means of such balloting  structures are utilized in lots of fields ranging from the law and  act referendums to the television shows.  

At the same time as most government elections and lots of  organizational elections are held physically, the usage of sealed  paper ballots, different polls and questionnaires are generally  made at the net or SMS channels, notarized accounts  are counted and publicly announced. but, legacy paper-to

box voting structures create some questions; How dependable are  the notaries to hand? How are we able to ensure that the votes  human beings give are not modified earlier than they may be counted at the  machine? How can we verify the transparency of the system?  How can we save you the tricks that reduce humans agree with in  the polls? How high-priced is it to hold an election in a single vote  middle with one thousand voters, inclusive of fabric, logistics and  income charges? What about a thousand vote centers and 1,000,000  citizens? And repeating all of the setup for each election,  thinking about there are some every yr? Those and other  comparable troubles have steadily entered an increasing fashion.

II. MOTIVATION AND RELATED WORK

Our principal motivation in this challenge is to provide a comfortable  voting environment and show that a reliable e-balloting scheme  is possible through the use of blockchain. due to the fact, while e-vote casting is  to be had for all and sundry who has a pc, or a cellular  smartphone, every unmarried administrative decision may be made by way of  humans and contributors; or at least humans’s opinion could be  more public and more handy through politicians and  managers. This can eventually lead humanity to the true  direct democracy [5]. It’s vital for us on account that elections can  effortlessly be corrupted or manipulated especially in small cities,  and even in bigger cities positioned in corrupt countries. Plus,  huge-scale conventional elections are very highly-priced in the  long term, especially if there are hundreds of geographically  distributed vote centers and hundreds of thousands of voters [6]. Also, the  electorate (particularly for individuals of businesses) is probably on  vacation, on an enterprise ride or some distance away for every other motive,  for you to make it impossible for that particular voter to attend  the election and might decrease the general attendance. E-voting  might be capable of solving those troubles, if applied carefully. 

The concept of e-voting is appreciably older than  blockchain. so that, all recognized examples thus far used the manner  of centralized computation and storage fashions. Estonia is a  excellent example, because the government of Estonia is one  of the first to implement a fully online and complete e

balloting solution [7]. The concept of e-vote casting commenced to be  debated inside the United States in 2001 and formally began via the  country wide government in the summer season of 2003 [8]. Their device  continues to be in use, with many improvements and adjustments on  the unique scheme. As said, it's far presently very strong  and reliable. They use clever virtual id playing cards and personal  card readers (dispensed by way of the government) for man or woman-wise  authentication [9]. For citizens to wait for the elections by listing the applicants and casting a vote, there is a unique  internet portal as well as an equivalent laptop app. In order to do that,  all and sundry having a pc and internet connection and additionally  his/her identification card, can easily vote remotely. Human beings can also  digitally create petitions and recommendations for acts and laws at  the parliament’s website (http://rahvaalgatus.ee). Those  petitions can be digitally signed using the clever identification card by any citizen who wants to support the idea. If proposals  reap a sure quantity of signatures, they're discussed in  the parliament. That’s another good example showing how an era can strengthen democracy. Even though being  extensively a hit and achieving nearly 30% penetration  fee throughout recent elections, the Estonian version has a few  drawbacks, too. The centralized solution, by using its nature,  creates a single-point-of-failure and is open to  hacking/hijacking attempts. In example, disbursed Denial  of service (DDoS) attacks can harm the software program, servers or  databases used. The directors of this sort of device might also act  malicious and thieve, if they can not manipulate, some precious  records at some stage in an election. The scalability of this system  is another query. In view that Estonia has a fantastically small  population, it is tough to estimate if one of these gadgets might work  flawlessly in, say, China. The consistent want for the identity card  and the reader device isn't high-quality, too, because of the greater fee of  producing, dispensing, and wearing (for citizens) them. 

 Switzerland is every other one of the few nations  collaborating within the electronic balloting fashion. In Switzerland,  recognised for its widespread democracy, each citizen who  completes the age of 18 can take an active or passive function in  the elections, which can be held in lots of extraordinary subjects for  many exclusive choices. They've also all started a reputable  work on a balloting machine referred to as far off balloting [10]. 

There are other similar business or experimental  works discovered on the net that intend to deal with that trouble  consisting of https://followmyvote.com/. There, citizens are  declaring their votes anonymously and they are counted  nameless votes and observe their mathematical formulation,  because they recognise there can be faux anonymous votes and  they also recognize that not absolutely everyone in the election declared who  they vote, that’s why they placed a margin to the percentage of  consequences. However, it does not display proper transparent consequences.  Although being a promising try, it's currently far from  being a strong solution. 

As an internet polling instance, in place of an e-voting  gadget, http://www.strawpoll.me/ is a popular and loose  carrier. It’s a simple internet site that allows anybody to create  questionnaires and allows answering others’ polls with votes.  It shows how effective e-voting can be, because all and sundry  without difficulty access the election and make use of his/her votes and  announce his/her preference. humans can percentage personal hyperlinks  to any created ballot  (as long as they know the link) and people  who've the hyperlink can vote and one browser can simplest use one

vote. The security here, in terms of voter authentication,  replica votes and non-repudiation of votes, may be very weak.  http://www.strawpoll.me/ trusts human beings that they will now not  violate the election procedure while reaping benefits, ease of access  and the usage of features of e-voting. subsequently, it can not be used in  actual instances consisting of deciding on the chairman of a branch,  and so on. 

Some other instances of e-voting systems are applied at  https://electionrunner.com/, they have a cell application  and a web platform where human beings can create and share electrons  with other users. Humans can outline who will vote in this  election and how lengthy it will be, after which they share this  election to authenticated subscribers of digital runners.  However, one nevertheless has to agree with the crucial authority in  electronic Runner Inc. it is still one step away from being a  one hundred% obvious and green e-balloting platform. 

a completely comprehensive research paper proposes a stable  technique for a blockchain-primarily based e-voting machine [11].  The authors also took into consideration countermeasures for voter  privacy and vote anonymity, the usage of an intermediate unit  between the voter (wallet) and the candidate (wallets) as nicely  as the usage of two specific coin kinds for these intermediate coin  (vote) transfers. Here, the cash (votes) sent by means of the citizens are  collected via the intermediate unit and transformed to another  currency using that foreign money’s wallet. Then the intermediate  unit sends the new cash to their authentic locations  (candidates). Even though it is a completely informative supply, it no longer incorporates a lot of data concerning the  implementational elements aside from use of Bitcoin and  Zerocoin as the currencies, nor offer a wide dialogue  about it.

Our number one aim is to recognize implementational works  and build our answer in a smaller scale to make our  college election process on-line which include: department chairs,  university rector, or student councils elections. We'd  like to do it in a way that everybody can test and maintain the song  of the election technique and election technique could be  absolutely online so that everyone may additionally attend vote casting without difficulty  in college’s elections. Our primary contribution to the  online elections concept is integrating them with the  Ethereum blockchain platform. At the time of writing, there  are only some instructional works covering the Ethereum  blockchain as an e-balloting solution. In [10], authors have  proposed a complete and so-called relaxed protocol  using the Ethereum blockchain, however their protocol includes  complicated mathematical operations and for this reason, calls for massive  computational strength, so isn't always internet of factors (IoT)- friendly. We constructed Ethereum clever contacts that allow us to take a look at and depend on the votes whilst the time of the election is  over. Our settlement has features to set the time and length  of an election, consisting of: a hundred and twenty mins or 3000 minutes. Also,  we can include any Ethereum account to the elections. by  the usage of the bills’ hash values, human beings' identity can not be  discovered. Personal authentication is considered a unique  sub-problem and disregards the scope of this have a look at, as well as  prison regulations.

III. IMPLEMENTATION AND DISCUSSION

 In this phase we are able to illustrate the design and practical section of our utility. The person accesses the web utility wherein the platform is hosted and signs up itself in addition to solidifying its vote in a secured and transparent manner. Fig 3 depicts the overview of the utility.

1. Registration Segment: The Voter has to check in itself first with its specific id and attributes inclusive of call roll no and cellular variety. All these records are stored in the database.
2. Login: The voter after registration attempts to login themselves to solid a vote. In this segment the voter first logs in the usage of password. After successful login, to solidify their vote voter has to authenticate themselves. For actual-time authentication OTP verification is used for better safety.
3. Blockchain Technology: This era is particularly used for its safety functions. Blockchain gives a comfortable and obvious surroundings. Blockchain encrypts the voter message (Casted vote) using an uneven encryption algorithm. A public secret is supplied with the aid of Blockchain and personal secrets with the host. Public secrets used for verification caused by ledger..
4. Database: Person database is stored in database. details like name, gender, unique identity are stored in the database. MySQL is the proposed database to be used.
5. Ethereum Community: Ethereum network presents a framework for blockchain introduction and garage. every block is created and its details are stored in an encrypted ledger. Those created blocks are allotted amongst nodes which provides high fault tolerance to the machine.
6. Result Phase: The processing and tallying of votes is carried out in the outcomes segment. outcomes are generated and displayed on internet sites. customers can confirm their votes using their own public key. This presents transparency to the vote casting device.

The utility is constructed using the architectural pattern of version-View-Controller. It is also broadly used architecture. right here, the software is split into 3 fundamental logical additives: the model, the view and the controller.

• View: The pinnacle layer is where the cease-consumer communicates with the application via clicking buttons, typing information, getting access to digicam, deciding on radio button, uploading songs, etc. this residue is answerable for displaying all information or a part of statistics to person based at the requirement of the utility. This accretion also acts as a bridge among the user and application itself.
• Controller: This middle layer of the application consists of the business common sense, and the primary functionality of the utility. As soon as the consumer interacts with the application, the reaction is processed in this layer. From log-in to casting vote, all the features that run in background belong to this accretion. This mainly consists of all the functions and sending output to view layer
• Version: This layer is answerable for maintaining the user’s facts. Relational Database MySQL is used for storing personal records.

In our software for a person to vote he/she wishes for an account with a pocket deal and a few Ether, Ethereum’s  cryptocurrency. After connecting to the community they cast  their vote and pay a small transaction fee to write their vote  to the blockchain. This transaction charge is referred to as “fuel” in  our software which can be related to a little cash. This  transaction charge “gasoline” is offered to the miner-node of the  network after he completes the transaction. It’s crucial to  observe that vote casting at the blockchain costs us some Ether, however  seeing the listing of candidates is loose, because writing to  blockchain charges but studying information from the blockchain is  free. 

 To code our utility Ethereum blockchain allows us to  execute code with Ethereum digital device (EVM) on  blockchain with clever settlement. In our software clever  contracts are responsible for reading and writing records to the  blockchain in addition to executing the good judgment. clever contracts  are written in a programming language known as Solidity. If the  public ledger represents database layer of the blockchain, 

Then clever contracts are in which all of the commercial enterprise logic that  transacts with that records lives. clever contracts represent a covenant or agreement. In our utility it is an  agreement that users' vote will count, others' vote might be  counted only as soon as and the candidates with maximum vote will  be declared the winner.

Step first to build our application is installing all of the  dependencies after which writing our agreement and deploying it  to the blockchain correctly. To create the settlement  claim the clever contract with the "settlement" keyword,  followed through the settlement call. Subsequently, we declare a country  variable with the intention to save the fee of the candidate call.  State variables allow us to jot down statistics to the blockchain constructor as known as on every occasion we install the contract. Fig  –  shows the structure, variable and contract declaration.

  Step first to build our application is installing all the  dependencies and then writing our contract and deploying it  to the blockchain successfully. To create the contract, declare the smart contract with the "contract" keyword,  followed by the contract name. Next, we declare a state  variable that will store the value of the candidate name.  State variables allow us to write data to the blockchain constructor whenever we deploy the contract. Fig  – 5 shows the structure, variable and contract declaration.

Fig 5 – Code block to define struct variable and contract

Here the key to mapping is unsigned integer and value is  Candidate structure type and mapping’s visibility is set to  public so as to get a getter function.

The complete contract code contains mapping, function  to add candidates and smart contract called contract election  . 

contract Election 

// Model a person

 struct voting{ uint id;

string personName;

              uint numberOfVotes;

}

// Read/write person

mapping(uint =>person) public  person;

// Store person Count

           uint public personsCount;

           function voting() public {

           addPerson("person 1");

           addPerson("person 2");

}

   function addCandidate (string_name) private {

candidatesCount ++;

person[personsCount]

person(personsCount,_name, 0);

 Fig. 6. Code block of complete contract code

           } 

The following step was to add the capability to cast votes inside the elections. To preserve the song of money owed that has voted we outline citizens and map it to the clever agreement, and upload ‘vote’ characteristic which takes in one argument- candidate-identification. It tests that the consumer hasn’t voted before, the candidate is valid, recording that the user has voted after his voting, after which replace the candidate vote. Fig-9 depicts the code and mapping for casting the vote

/ Store accounts that have voted

 mapping(address => book) public voters;

function vote (uint _personId) public {

 require(!voters[msg.sender]);

 // require a valid person

 require(_personId > 0 && _personId <=  personsCount);

 // record that voter has voted

 voters[msg.sender] = true;

 // update person vote Count

 persons[_personId].voteCount ++;

 // trigger voted event

 emit votedEvent(_personId);

 } 

Fig 9 – Code Block for casting of vote/ vote process

When the user votes by using gas which is awarded to the  node(miner) whoever writes it to the blockchain, after  successful casting of votes results are displayed and the candidate with the highest votes is the winner. Our voting application can be used, too. A fundamental hassle of blockchain based totally e-vote casting systems is to provide anonymity for voters without compromising the transparency of the general vote casting system. In element, all the transactions (cash transfers, votes and many others.) are basically written to the blocks of the blockchain as plaintext. In order to do that, a vote from pockets addressing A to pockets dealing with B may be seen by using all of us who have access to the chain. That's, of course, a big disadvantage. And, it isn't always feasible to apply this sort of gadget for official/essential elections. providing this anonymity is likewise a prime task in cutting-edge state-of-the-art works. Hao et al. of their work, proposed an answer primarily based at the Diffie-Hellman process, which additionally implies the use of public/personal key pairs and random numbers, so that a “two-spherical” referendum can supposedly be held with some poll privacy [12].

Conclusion

By building this proposed smart contract of ours, we have succeeded in moving e-voting to the blockchain platform and we addressed some of the fundamental issues that legacy e-voting systems have, by using the power of the Ethereum network and the blockchain structure. As a result of our trials, the concept of blockchain and the security methodology which it uses, namely immutable hash chains, has become adaptable to polls and elections. This achievement may even pave the way for other blockchain applications that have impact on every aspect of human life. At this point, Ethereum and the smart contracts, which made one of the most revolutionary breakthroughs since the blockchain itself, helped to overturn the limited perception of blockchain as a cryptocurrency (coin), and turned it into a broader solution-base for many Internet-related issues of the modern world, and may enable the global use of blockchain. E-voting is still an arguable subject matter inside both political and scientific circles. In spite of the lifestyles of a few excellent examples, maximum of which are still in use; many extra attempts have been both did not offer the safety and private functions of a conventional election or have critical usability and scalability troubles [7]. at the opposite, blockchain-based e-voting answers, which include the one we have implemented the use of the smart contracts and the Ethereum network, deal with (or may also address with relevant adjustments) nearly all of the protection issues, like privateness of electorate, integrity, verification and non-repudiation of votes, and transparency of counting. But, there are also a few residences that can\'t be addressed solely by the usage of the blockchain, for instance authentication of voters (at the private stage, now not at the account degree) calls for additional mechanisms to be integrated, including use of biometric elements [12]. The prominence of disbursed systems stands out particularly while thinking about the mitigation of the chance that storing the registrations at a relevant location (office). This can usually by some means permit officials to have the opportunity to physically get entry to the vote statistics, which can lead to corruption and cheating with the aid of the authorities. Additionally, in modern-day related international, with the concept of the internet of factors (IoT), expectedly, many non-pc devices will have the advantage to get the right of entry to the net. at the same time as we\'re nonetheless running on a cell phone software as a supportive extension to our work to widen the usability; it\'s miles crucial to notice that, View ebook stats other than telephones and tablets; aircon devices, vehicles, chairs, garments, fridges, televisions, and many different ordinary items are/may be able to immediately reach to the internet. In phrases of blockchain, it is tough to construct such dispensed systems whilst there\'s this sort of massive network and a reserve processing strength. Moreover, if all those devices are painted together as a grid to shorten the validation duration of transactions in a blockchain, we are able to do most of our online transactions securely, reliably, and successfully, not only in principle but also in practice.

References

[1] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system”, [Online]. Available: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf . [2] G. Wood, \"Ethereum: a secure decentralized generalized transaction ledger\", Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, vol. 151, pp. 1-32, 2014. [3] C.D. Clack, V.A. Bakshi, and L. Braine, “Smart contract templates: foundations, design landscape and research directions”, Mar 2017, arXiv:1608.00771. [3] E. Maaten, “Towards remote e-voting: Estonian case”, Electronic Voting in Europe-Technology, Law, Politics and Society, vol. 47, pp. 83-100, 2004. [4] U.C. Çabuk, A. Çavdar, and E. Demir, \"E-Demokrasi: Yeni Nesil Do?rudan Demokrasi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulanabilirli?i\", [Online] Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umut_Cabuk/ publication/308796230_E-Democracy_The_Next_Generation_ [5] Direct_Democracy_and_Applicability_in_Turkey/links/5818a6d408a ee7cdc685b40b/E-Democracy-The-Next-Generation-Direct [6] U.C. Çabuk, A. Çavdar, and E. Demir, \"E-Demokrasi: Yeni Nesil Do?rudan Demokrasi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulanabilirli?i\", [Online] Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umut_Cabuk/ publication/308796230_E-Democracy_The_Next_Generation_ Direct_Democracy_and_Applicability_in_Turkey/links/5818a6d408 a ee7cdc685b40b/E-Democracy-The-Next-Generation DirectDemocracy-and-Applicability-in-Turkey.pdf. [7] \"Final report: study on eGovernment and the reduction of administrative burden (SMART 2012/0061)\", 2014, [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single market/en/news/finalreport-study-egovernment-and-reduction administrative-burdens mart-20120061 [8] F. Hao and P.Y.A. Ryan, Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment, CRC Press, pp. 143-170, 2017. [9] N. Braun, S. F. Chancellery, and B. West. \"E-Voting: Switzerland\'s projects and their legal framework–In a European context\", Electronic Voting in Europe: Technology, Law, Politics and Society. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn, pp.43-52, 2004. [10] Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas, “Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting”. [11] P. McCorry, S.F. Shahandashti, and F. Hao, \"A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy\", International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, Cham, pp. 357-375, 2017. [12] U.C. Çabuk, T. ?enocak, E. Demir, and A. Çavdar, “A Proposal on initial remote user enrollment for IVR-based voice authentication systems”, Int. J. of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, vol 6, pp.118-123, July 2017. [13] Y. Takabatake, D. Kotani, and Y. Okabe, “An anonymous distributed electronic voting system using Zerocoin“, IEICE Technical Report, pp. 127-131, 2016.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Vishal Jain, Amit Manjhvar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.