Carbon Footprint Reduction in Road Construction - A Review

Abstract

Road construction is one of the most resource-intensive sectors within civil infrastructure, generating significant carbon emissions through energy-intensive materials, heavy machinery, transport logistics, and maintenance activities. With global emphasis on climate change mitigation and sustainable development, reducing the carbon footprint of road construction has become a critical research priority. This review synthesizes contemporary advancements, sustainable material alternatives, eco-efficient technologies, and life-cycle-based assessment (LCA) frameworks that aim to decarbonize road infrastructure. Key strategies include replacing conventional materials with industrial by-products (fly ash, GGBFS, PMA), utilizing natural fibers (bamboo, coconut, human hair), incorporating recycled aggregates, adopting warm mix asphalt, and integrating digital tools such as BIM–LCA for real-time emission quantification. The review identifies major emission hotspots, evaluates technological interventions, and outlines policy, design, and material innovations for low-carbon road construction. Research gaps highlight the need for integrated LCA models, long-term durability studies of sustainable materials, and large-scale field validation, particularly in developing countries such as India. The findings support the development of cost-effective, durable, and low-carbon pavement systems that align with global carbon neutrality goals.

Introduction

Road construction is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy-intensive materials, machinery, and fossil-fuel consumption. Cement production alone accounts for ~8% of global CO? emissions, while asphalt, steel, aggregates, and transportation further add to the carbon footprint. Sustainable development and carbon neutrality goals, such as those under the Paris Agreement, have driven research toward low-carbon construction practices.

Key Findings:

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Carbon emissions arise across all construction phases—material production, transportation, construction, maintenance, and end-of-life disposal—with material production being the largest contributor.

• Sustainable Materials: Use of industrial by-products (fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume), natural fibers (bamboo, coconut, human hair), recycled aggregates, and patented soil stabilizers reduces CO? emissions and enhances pavement performance.

• Technological Interventions: Warm mix asphalt (WMA), Building Information Modelling (BIM) integrated with LCA, and optimized construction equipment improve operational efficiency and lower emissions.

• Performance and Durability: Recycled and alternative materials can match or surpass conventional materials in strength, crack resistance, and durability while lowering environmental impact.

• Case Studies & Tools: Studies in India, Norway, and Indonesia show that accurate carbon quantification tools, workflow optimization, and early-stage planning significantly reduce emissions. Tools like RCA and the Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool help integrate sustainability into design and construction decisions.

• Policy & Implementation: Adoption barriers include cost, material availability, technological readiness, and regulatory gaps. Strategic procurement, stakeholder engagement, and AI-assisted planning can accelerate low-carbon infrastructure adoption.

• Rigid vs Flexible Pavements: Rigid pavements generally show lower environmental impacts and maintenance requirements compared to flexible pavements, making them a more sustainable option.

Conclusion

This review establishes that substantial carbon reduction in road construction is achievable through sustainable materials, advanced technologies, and comprehensive life-cycle-based decision-making. Industrial by-products like fly ash, GGBFS, PMA, and DHKC reduce cement dependency; natural fibers such as coconut, bamboo, and human hair enhance mechanical properties while utilizing renewable or waste materials; and recycled aggregates significantly reduce embodied emissions. Technological interventions including warm mix asphalt, BIM–LCA integration, emission calculators, and green highway innovations enable precise tracking and mitigation of carbon emissions across construction phases. However, widespread adoption requires harmonized standards, long-term performance studies, and large-scale field applications, particularly in countries experiencing rapid urbanization such as India. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated frameworks combining sustainability, cost efficiency, durability, and policy support to achieve carbon-neutral road infrastructure. Advancing these solutions will align the transportation sector with global climate commitments and contribute to resilient, eco-efficient infrastructure development.

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Copyright © 2025 Gargi N. Khadse, Dr. Ruchi Chandrakar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.