Comparative Chemoprofile Variation Study of Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus Webst) Collected from Different Bhoomi Desha of Karnataka by Using RP-UPLC Method

Abstract

As per the survey of WHO, 88% of all countries are estimated to use traditional medicines. Ayurveda is bestowed science of life which is mainly based on herbs. It is a treasure of amazing herbal medicine but still many important medicinal plants which are used in treatment are need to be standardized. The drug Tamalaki mentioned in Swasahara and Kasahara dashemani of Charaka Samhita which is popularly known as Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus webst). Phyllanthus fraternus Webst (syn. P.niruri auct. Pl.non Linn) is one of the species belongs to Euphorbiaceae family is considered as Bhumyamalaki, which is commonly found as a weed in Central and southern India. At present, many species of Bhumyamalaki are found in natural habitat. In Ayurveda, seers have given importance to Bhoomi Desha i.e the natural habitat of dravyas is important in Dravya collection wherein they have emphasized to collect medicinal plants from suitable desha. Many literatures survey revealed the presence of various phyto-constituents in Phyllanthus fraternus such as Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Nirphyllin, Phillnirurin, Niranthin, Niruriside, Securinine, Limonene, 4-Methoxy- securinine, 4-Methoxy-norsecurinine, Niruretin, Phyllanthol, Phyllanthenol, Phyllanthenone, Lintetralin, Astragalin, Cymene, Niruodine and Phyllanthamide. The present work aims to see the possible changes in Phyto constituents seen in a same species of Bhumyamalaki i.e. Phyllanthus fraternus Webst which is grown in different Desha like Jangaladesha, Sadharanadesha and Anoopadesha, Quantification of Phytochemicals are done by using TLC and RP-UPLC. Result :The Percentage of Phytoconstituents Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin was found to be more in anupa desha sample when compared to other two deshas sample.

Introduction

Overview

This study explores the traditional Ayurvedic medicinal plant Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus), known for its therapeutic properties such as hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. The research focuses on analyzing the plant's chemical and phytoconstituent variations when collected from three different geographical regions (bhoomi deshas) in Karnataka: Jangala (Ballari), Sadharana (Hubballi), and Anupa (Mangaluru).

Objectives

1. Collection and authentication of Phyllanthus fraternus from three bhoomi deshas.

2. Comparative analysis (pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical) of samples.

3. Quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin using RP-UPLC.

Methodology

• Drug Preparation: Whole plant parts (panchanga) collected, dried, powdered, and extracted using ethanol.

• Analytical Techniques:

  • Physicochemical analysis: Ash values, extractive values, moisture content.

  • Phytochemical screening: Presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, etc.

  • TLC & RP-UPLC: Used to identify and quantify key bioactive compounds (Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin).

Key Findings

1. Physicochemical Properties

• Jangala: Moderate ash value (7.5%), moderate moisture (7.16%)

• Sadharana: Highest ash (23%) and acid-insoluble ash (15.5%)

• Anupa: Intermediate values; highest alcohol extractive (7%)

2. Phytochemical Results

• Jangala: Rich in proteins, alkaloids, tannins; flavonoids absent.

• Sadharana: Flavonoids present; no proteins.

• Anupa: Steroids and saponins present; alkaloids and amino acids absent.

3. TLC Analysis

• Each sample showed unique Rf values for bands under different UV wavelengths, confirming presence of specific compounds like phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin.

4. Microscopic Features

• Detailed transverse section of the Jangala stem showed typical anatomical features consistent with the identity of Phyllanthus fraternus.

RP-UPLC Analysis

• Conducted using standard protocols.

• Quantified phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in all three samples.

• Results highlighted variations in phytoconstituent concentrations based on geographical origin.

Conclusion

The present study has generated a set of phyto-pharmacognostical quality parameters of Phyllanthus fraternus following macroscopic, anatomical, microscopical, physicochemical and chemical fingerprint (TLC, RP-UPLC) analysis. The generated data can serve as an investigative tool for the quality assessment, authentication and distinguishing medicinally significant plant species of the Phyllanthus.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Dr. Ramesh Gaddi, Dr. Rajashekhar. S Ganiger, Dr. Lambani Shobha, Dr. Abhishek. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.