Development of Smart Safety System for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are increasingly adopted as a sustainable alternative to conventional fuel-based transportation due to their environmental benefits and energy efficiency. However, battery-related safety issues such as overheating, short circuits, and thermal runaway pose serious risks, often leading to fire hazards. This project presents the development of a Real-Time Monitoring and Safety Protection System for Electric Vehicles designed to enhance battery safety and prevent fire incidents. The proposed system integrates sensors to continuously monitor critical parameters such as battery temperature, voltage, and current. These parameters are processed using a microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen to provide real-time information to the driver. When abnormal conditions such as excessive temperature or electrical fluctuations are detected, an automatic power cutoff mechanism is triggered to disconnect the power supply and prevent further damage. Additionally, a buzzer alert system provides immediate warning to occupants, ensuring timely action. The system offers a cost-effective, reliable, and proactive safety solution that focuses on early detection and prevention rather than reactive fire suppression. This approach improves EV reliability, protects passengers, and contributes to safer electric transportation systems.

Introduction

The document discusses the growing problem of fire accidents, especially in electric vehicles (EVs), where battery-related issues pose significant safety risks. Electrical system failures are among the major causes of vehicle fires. Common causes of EV fires include battery overcharging, electrolyte leakage, short circuits, and road collisions. These issues can lead to overheating, thermal runaway, toxic gas release, and combustion.

To address this problem, the study proposes a Smart Fire Safety System for Electric Vehicles that provides real-time monitoring and automatic protection. The system uses sensors such as:

• Temperature sensor (LM35)

• Smoke and flame/photoelectric sensors

• Arduino Uno microcontroller

When abnormal conditions are detected (e.g., temperature above 45°C or high smoke levels), the system automatically:

• Activates a high-speed DC cooling fan

• Triggers a buzzer alarm

• Displays warnings on an LCD screen

The system ensures early hazard detection, fast response, and automatic cooling, helping prevent fire escalation and reduce damage. It was successfully tested on a prototype, showing quick and accurate response to overheating and smoke conditions.

The literature review highlights existing IoT-based battery monitoring and cooling systems, but identifies a research gap in developing a compact, cost-effective, integrated fire safety framework that combines detection, alerting, and cooling in one system.

Overall, the proposed solution is low-cost, compact, efficient, and suitable for electric vehicles and public transport, aiming to reduce human casualties, property loss, and response time during fire emergencies. The system enhances EV safety through continuous monitoring and automatic protection mechanisms.

Conclusion

The integration of a Smart Safety System for Electric Vehicles (EVs) is crucial for enhancing the safety, performance, and longevity of EV batteries. This innovative system monitors key battery parameters such as temperature and smoke, providing real-time alerts to prevent hazardous conditions. In case of overheating or potential fire hazards, the system automatically activates safety mechanisms such as high-speed cooling fans or extinguishing units, effectively reducing the risk of accidents. The system is designed to be simple and reliable, ensuring minimal maintenance and making it a practical and cost-effective solution. Its compact structure allows easy installation in electric vehicles without causing discomfort to drivers or passengers. Continuous monitoring of battery conditions enables quick detection of abnormal situations and immediate activation of protective mechanisms. With further research and development, this smart safety system has the potential to significantly improve the safety standards of electric vehicles. It can be adapted for different battery types and configurations, making it suitable for a wide range of EV applications. Overall, the system contributes to improving the reliability, safety, and user confidence in modern electric transportation.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Prof. Rajendra Bhombe, Ms. Aditi Shende, Ms. Anjali Yadav, Ms. Shravani Yerne, Ms. Ranu Wade, Ms. Sakhshi Sarode. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.