Design and Development of the Plow-Seed-Spray

Abstract

Agricultural mechanization is a crucial factor in enhancing productivity, reducing manual labor, and ensuring precision in farming operations. This project presents the design and development of a multifunctional autonomous agricultural robotthat integratesploughing, seed sowing, and spraying operationsinto a single, intelligent system. At the heart of this innovation is the Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller, which serves as the primary control unit, enabling real-time automation and coordination of various agricultural tasks. The system is equipped with DC motors, ultrasonic sensors, relays, and specialized tools such as cultivators, seed dispensers, and water/chemical sprayers, providing a comprehensive solution for modernized farming. The key advantage of this robot lies in its autonomous navigation capabilitiesfacilitated byultrasonic sensorsand anobstacle avoidance system, allowing it to function seamlessly in varied agricultural terrains. By leveraging sensor-based automation, the machine can intelligently maneuver through the field, detect obstacles, and adjust its operations accordingly, thereby minimizing operational disruptions and enhancing efficiency. Furthermore, the integration of precision seeding and controlled spraying mechanisms ensures optimal seed placement and precise application of fertilizers or pesticides, reducing wastage and promoting sustainable farming practices. The deployment of this technology aims to bridge the gap between traditional farming methods and modern mechanized solutions, addressing key challenges such as labor shortages, inefficient resource utilization, and inconsistent yield quality. Extensive testing and validation procedures are conducted to evaluate the robot’s efficiency in different field conditions, ensuring its adaptability and effectiveness. This multipurpose agricultural robot – plough seed spray , presents a groundbreaking step towards smart farming, offering an affordable, scalable, and adaptable solution for both small-scale and large-scale farmers. With the increasing demand for mechanized farming practices, this autonomous system not only contributes to improving agricultural productivity but also aligns with global efforts toward precision agriculture and sustainable farming. The research underscores the transformative potential of integrating automation in agriculture, paving the way for the widespread adoption of intelligent robotic systems in modern farming.

Introduction

Agricultural mechanization is crucial for enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in modern farming. In Odisha, where agriculture is the primary livelihood, traditional methods dominate, causing labor-intensive work and lower yields. The state's diverse terrain—from coastal plains to hills—requires adaptable machinery. Small and marginal farmers often cannot afford separate machines for ploughing, seeding, and spraying, leading to inefficiencies.

A multifunctional agricultural machine that integrates ploughing, seeding, and spraying offers a promising solution. This machine can improve operational efficiency by performing multiple tasks in a single pass, reducing labor and input costs. It can also help address gender disparities in mechanization by making farming tools more accessible and user-friendly for women.

Key Agricultural Practices in Odisha:

• Ploughing: Essential for soil aeration, weed control, nutrient mixing, and preparing seedbeds. Different ploughing types (conventional, deep, contour, ridge and furrow, zero-tillage) are used depending on soil and terrain.

• Seeding: Traditionally manual and inefficient, leading to uneven distribution and poor germination. Mechanized seeding improves uniformity and seed use.

• Spraying: Critical for applying fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Manual spraying is laborious and uneven; mechanized spraying ensures uniform application and reduces labor.

Project Objective:
To design and develop a solar-powered, multifunctional agricultural machine tailored to Odisha’s farming conditions. The machine integrates ploughing, seeding, and water irrigation to increase efficiency, reduce labor dependency, and cut operational costs.

Challenges Addressed:

• Heavy reliance on fossil fuels and multiple costly equipment

• Difficulty for small farmers to afford or maintain separate machines

• Labor shortages, especially during peak seasons

Proposed Solution:

• Solar-powered machine to reduce fuel costs and emissions

• Compact, cost-effective design for small-scale farmers

• Modular attachments for different functions, controlled via simple interfaces

• Potential for automation with sensors and microcontrollers

Advantages:

• Eco-friendly with zero emissions

• Cost-effective by integrating multiple functions

• Time-saving by completing multiple tasks in one run

• User-friendly for farmers with minimal technical skills

• Reduces labor dependency

Literature Review Highlights:
Several studies demonstrate the benefits of multifunctional agricultural machines integrating ploughing, sowing, spraying, and irrigation, often powered by batteries or solar energy and controlled through IoT technology. These machines improve efficiency, reduce labor costs, and promote sustainable farming.

System Design:

• Utilizes Arduino microcontroller, Bluetooth, sensors, solar panels, and various mechanical components

• Solar panels generate clean DC power, stored in batteries, powering motors and pumps for ploughing, seeding, and spraying

Conclusion

This project entitled “ DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLOW-SEED-SPRAY ’’ has been designed using the design tool . This agricultural machine is designed and built such a way that it can perform ploughing, sowing and applying water in agricultural field .This module is designed and coded successfully using Arduino coding tool. This machine is useful for agriculture. This implementation of agricultural robot has significant saving in term of time. efficiency and saving reduced utilization of man power should pay cost once this system is activated. The team has successfully studied and combines the ideas from various field of agricultural knowledge in completing this project. Based on all this it can be concluded that this project is a new concept which is patentable and it can be applied for real time situation. By taking a proper system approach, in which we consider a system in term of its actions and implication, we can develop a new mechanization system.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Rihan Pathan , Pujarini Samal , Mitali Mohanty, Prof. Gayatri Mohanty. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.