Subsurface and Environmental Triggers of Crack Recurrence in RCC Buildings: A Hybrid Field Analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental and geotechnical causes behind recurrent cracking in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. Drawing on field data from 40 case studies across Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the paper explores the correlation between soil type, drainage provision, foundation systems, and crack recurrence. Using a hybrid methodology that combines statistical analysis with engineer-led field insights, the study identifies clayey soils and lack of drainage as key contributors to high-severity, recurring cracks. Chi-square tests and Cramér’s V validate the observed relationships. The findings advocate for integrating environmental variables into RCC diagnostic protocols, and propose a field-applicable Environmental Diagnostic Priority Matrix to guide structural monitoring and intervention strategies.

Introduction

While material flaws and structural design are known contributors to cracks in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) buildings, this study highlights the often-overlooked role of environmental and subsurface conditions, such as poor soil bearing capacity, weak drainage, and inadequate plinth protection. Data from 40 surveyed RCC buildings were analyzed using statistical tests and expert validation, linking soil type, foundation design, and drainage to crack recurrence and severity.

Key Findings:

• Soil type: Clayey soils showed the highest recurrence risk (50%), while red soils performed better; moderate statistical association was observed (χ² = 9.73, p = 0.044, Cramér’s V = 0.36).

• Foundation systems: Isolated footings on mixed soils and load-bearing foundations in clay zones experienced higher stress and differential settlement.

• Drainage: Lack of proper drainage strongly correlated with medium-to-high crack severity (χ² = 13.26, p = 0.0013, Cramér’s V = 0.58).

• Environmental clustering: Buildings missing both drainage and plinth protection were most prone to severe and recurring cracks.

The study emphasizes integrating environmental and geotechnical factors into routine diagnostics. An Environmental Diagnostic Priority Matrix is recommended to rank buildings by soil, drainage, and foundation conditions, allowing engineers to anticipate deterioration and plan interventions before visible damage appears.

Conclusion

Crack recurrence in RCC buildings is significantly shaped by subsurface and environmental variables. Clayey soils, poor drainage, and inadequate plinth detailing represent latent threats that manifest over time. This hybrid field study supports integrating these variables into crack classification and response protocols for more accurate and context-aware diagnostics.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Er. Parameswaran Easwaran, Dr. Rajkiran Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.