Study of Existing Electrical Vehicle and its Modifications

Abstract

Electric vehicles have become the heart of transportation in today\'s world that is moving toward greener alternatives. EVs-fuel-efficient, cleaner, quieter compared to traditional vehicles, require less maintenance due to fewer moving parts, and no engine oil, transmission fluid or coolant, in addition to reducing air pollution. The project contributes directly to the enhancement of an existing departmental electric two-wheeler through battery improvements and smart monitoring features. Replacing old lead-acid battery with new battery system while setting up a user-friendly off board manually charging system, the ultimate goal of making the vehicle more reliable and efficient for daily uses will be attained. Moreover, adding a digital display for live battery and speed monitoring will provide ease of use and maintenance. This is a project, but a meaningful step toward smarter, sustainable electric mobility as well.

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs), especially electric two-wheelers, are increasingly seen as key to sustainable urban transport due to their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. This research focuses on improving the performance and user experience of an electric two-wheeler by upgrading its battery system and integrating intelligent monitoring tools.

The project replaces existing power sources with four 12V, 12Ah lead-acid batteries connected in series to supply the required 48V to the 750W brushless DC (BLDC) motor and controller. A manually operated off-board charging system using a 12V, 10A adapter ensures safe and efficient battery recharge. Digital instruments like a speedometer and real-time battery status display enhance user interaction and maintenance ease. Wiring and power distribution are modified for improved system reliability.

The literature review highlights ongoing research in EV motor design, energy efficiency, charging technology, thermal management, and digital control systems, emphasizing the need for cost-effective and robust solutions suitable for developing countries.

The methodology includes a detailed system analysis, with components such as solar/grid charging, battery bank, motor controller, and digital dashboard integrated to deliver efficient power management and vehicle control. The use of lead-acid batteries balances cost and robustness, though their limitations necessitate careful battery management. The BLDC motor offers reliable, maintenance-free propulsion with smooth acceleration.

Conclusion

The project seeks to improve any given realization of an EV within the aspect of performance and reliability by addressing some of the most important issues: Battery cycle life degradation, aging, and temperature sensitivity. Basically, these are problems that reduce the power the batteries can give and, in turn, the range of the vehicle by time, hence necessitating newer systems of energy. The prime recommendation was to discard the existing degradable lead-acid batteries and activate those offering a superior energy density with a longer life and a better thermal resistance. An efficient charging system would have been another recommendation to keep battery health criteria above and allow alterations in supply wiring and power distribution for long life. A digital display would appear to show real-time information on battery charge, speed, and system status, thereby enhancing the user experience and operating efficiency. Reduction in weight would have been another consideration for range enhancement using lightweight materials. Hence, these modifications facilitate a more sustainable and reliable EV model focusing somewhat more on battery life, charging efficiency, and the interface from a user\'s point of view. This project is one of the practical ways to attain sustainable electric vehicle technology and hence serves as a great platform for further EV activities within the department.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Prerna Godhane, Himanshu Dhaka, Shubhangi Jadhav, Dhanashri Lokare. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.