Firefighting Robot Using Arduino: A Fire Detection and Suppression System

Abstract

Some of the risks that fire incidents present involve destruction of property and sometimes even the loss of human life. Traditional firefighting operations usually require human intervention, which can be unsafe, especially when there are extreme temperature environments or toxic gases around. The design and development of an Arduino-based autonomous firefighting robot that can detect and extinguish fires without human help is presented. The system sends commands to servo motors and waterfalls from a water pump through flame sensors to extinguish the fire as quickly as possible along the direction of the fire. This enhancement shall serve to increase operational efficiency and safety within firefighting activities.

Introduction

Fire risks cause property damage, loss of life, and environmental harm. Traditional firefighting methods heavily rely on humans, exposing them to danger. Advances in robotics and embedded systems enable autonomous firefighting robots that improve safety and efficiency.

An Arduino-based autonomous firefighting robot has been developed to detect and extinguish small fires, especially in confined or hazardous spaces. It uses flame sensors, a water pump, PIR sensors for human detection, and wireless control via Bluetooth and Wi-Fi cameras.

Literature Review:
Previous studies have designed similar Arduino robots equipped with flame sensors, motorized wheels, wireless controls, and even machine learning for path optimization, showing that Arduino-based robots offer scalable, cost-effective firefighting solutions.

System Design:
The robot integrates hardware (Arduino UNO, flame sensors, motor drivers, water pump, PIR sensor, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi camera) with software that continuously monitors flames, controls movement, and manages fire suppression.

Methodology:
The robot patrols an area, detects flames within 80 cm, estimates direction, then sprays water with a servo-controlled nozzle. It also scans for humans before suppression to ensure safety, while allowing remote manual control.

Results:

• Detection range: 80 cm

• Response time: ~1.5 seconds

• Suppression time: 6–8 seconds for small flames

• Battery life: ~2 hours

• PIR human detection accuracy: 95%

The robot performed well indoors on smooth terrain but had limited obstacle avoidance and lower accuracy under bright lighting. Its water capacity limits combating larger fires.

Limitations:

• False detections due to light interference

• Poor adaptability to rough or outdoor terrain

• Limited water reservoir capacity

Future Scope:
Improvements could include better terrain handling, swarm robotics for large fires, machine learning for navigation, integration of thermal and gas sensors, and IoT-based remote monitoring and alerts.

Conclusion

A low-cost, Arduino-based autonomous firefighting robot that can identify and extinguish minor flames is shown in this work. More advanced sensors and intelligent algorithms would improve operational deployment in the real world, despite the fact that it is highly effective in a controlled setting. The method has a lot of potential to improve emergency response in hazardous situations.

References

[1] D. Sharma, H. Gaikwad, K. Verma, \"Fire Extinguishing Robot Using Arduino\", IRJET, Vol. 8, Issue 6, June 2021. [2] B. K. Hosamani, A. R. Kokale, S. D. Shikalgar et al., \"A Paper on Automatic Fire Fighting Robot Using Arduino\", IJPREMS, May 2024. [3] A. Murad, O. Bayat, H. M. Marhoon, \"Implementation of Rover Tank Firefighting Robot\", IJEECS, Vol. 21, 2021. [4] K. Chenchireddy et al., \"Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot with Machine Learning\", IJRA, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2022.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Vivek Kumar, Satyam Kumar Mishra, Kashif Murtaza, Mohd. Sawood, Amit Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.