Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hypoglycemic Chocolate

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucoselevels overaprolongedperiod, resultingfromeitherinsufficientinsulin productionbythepancreas (Type1 diabetes)orineffectiveuseofinsulin bythebody\'s cells (Type2 diabetes). Diabetes can lead to severe health complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision impairment if not managed properly. It is a significant global health issue, impacting millions and associated with lifestyle, genetic factors, and environmental influences. Management of diabetes involves regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, dietarymodifications, physical activity, and sometimes medication or insulin therapy. Prevention efforts focus on lifestyle changes, especially in populations at high risk for Type 2 diabetes. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for reducing long-term health risks associated with diabetes.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent high blood sugar due to inadequate insulin production, action, or both. Insulin deficiency disrupts carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, caused by insufficient insulin levels and/or insulin resistance primarily affecting muscle, fat, and liver tissues. Symptoms and severity vary by diabetes type and duration, ranging from no symptoms to serious complications like ketoacidosis or coma if untreated.

Globally, diabetes affects 828 million people, with India alone accounting for about 212 million cases—one of the highest burdens worldwide. Most Indian cases (90-95%) are type 2 diabetes, often linked to lifestyle changes such as increased urbanization, industrialization, dietary shifts toward animal fats, and sedentary habits. Diabetes prevalence in India is rising rapidly, with significant urban-rural disparities and high rates of diabetic complications like retinopathy.

Diabetes is classified mainly into three types:

• Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune disease causing destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, commonly in children and teens.

• Type 2 Diabetes: Accounts for 90-95% of cases, driven by insulin resistance often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors, increasingly seen in younger populations.

• Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes, affecting blood sugar control.

The pathophysiology involves genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Type 1 diabetes results from immune-mediated β-cell destruction causing insulin deficiency, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Gestational diabetes arises from hormonal changes during pregnancy, with risk factors including obesity and family history.

Historically, diabetes understanding has evolved from early descriptions by Aretaeus to the discovery of insulin by Banting and colleagues in 1923. Contemporary research explores diabetes subtypes, mechanisms like oxidative stress, and protective roles of hormones like estradiol on β-cells.

Conclusion

Diabetes is achronic medical conditionwherethe bodyeitherdoesnotproduce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This results in elevated blood sugar levels, which can lead to serious complications if not managed. Proper managementthroughahealthydiet,regularexercise,medicationandregularmonitoringcan help individual’s live healthier lives and reduce the risk of complications. Fenugreek, moringa, Ficus racemosa, and coca plants have shown potential Antidaibetic properties due to their ability to regulate blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce oxidative stress. These plants contain bioactive compounds that may complement diabetes management, but further research and clinical studies are needed for confirmation and safe therapeutic use.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Andhale Harshada Sandip, Prof. More Ashwini B . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.