Design and Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Charging Station for Light Motor Vehicles in Semi Urban India

Abstract

As electric vehicle (EV) adoption accelerates across India, particularly in semi-urban regions, there is an urgent need for decentralized, sustainable charging infrastructure. This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) charging station intended to support up to 300 light motor vehicles (LMVs) monthly in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Utilizing the System Advisor Model (SAM), the system’s technical, economic, and environmental performance was assessed. Results indicate an annual net AC output of 49,324 kWh, a capacity factor of 22.1%, and a performance ratio of 0.78. The project demonstrates a payback period of 6.8 years and annual CO2 avoidance of 40.4 metric tons. These findings validate the feasibility of deploying scalable hybrid solar charging infrastructure in emerging urban centers.

Introduction

This study explores the feasibility and performance of a hybrid solar-electric vehicle (EV) charging station in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, driven by rising EV adoption and the need for sustainable charging solutions. The system integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) energy with grid power to provide clean, cost-effective EV charging while reducing carbon emissions and grid dependence.

Key Objectives:

• Design a solar-powered charging station to support up to 300 light motor vehicles (LMVs).

• Analyze technical and financial viability using System Advisor Model (SAM).

• Quantify carbon emissions reduction and support clean energy goals.

Methodology & Design:

• EV Models Studied: Ola S1 Pro (2W), Mahindra Treo (3W), Tata Nexon EV (4W).

• Charging demand: Peak load estimated at 13.8 kW.

• PV Array Configuration: 48 bifacial solar modules (25.44 kW DC) in 4 strings of 12 modules.

• Inverter Used: 25 kW Yaskawa Solectria with 480–850 V MPPT range.

• Location & Climate: Subtropical climate; high solar potential; optimal for solar PV.

Simulation Results:

• Tool: System Advisor Model (SAM).

• Annual Solar Generation: 49,324 kWh.

• Performance Ratio: 0.78.

• Capacity Factor: 22.1%.

• Major Losses: Soiling (5%), module deviation (8%), MPPT clipping (4.6%).

Financial Analysis:

• Total Installation Cost: ?34.85 lakhs (139.39 Rs/W).

• Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE): 2.2 cents/kWh.

• Payback Period: 6.8 years.

• Net Present Value (NPV): ?10.01 lakhs.

• Annual Bill Savings: ?2.13 lakhs.

Environmental Benefits:

• Annual CO? Reduction: 40.4 metric tons.

• Based on India’s average grid emission factor of 0.82 kg CO?/kWh.

Limitations & Recommendations:

• Assumes consistent solar output and EV usage.

• Recommends further study on:

  • Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

  • Dynamic pricing

  • Policy incentives for broader adoption.

Conclusion

Hybrid solar charging station prevents the emission of approximately 40.4 metric tons of CO2 annually supporting both clean mobility and climate action in India. - The system’s performance ratio and capacity factor are above industry averages for fixed-tilt commercial PV systems. - Financial metrics indicate strong economic viability, with a short payback period and significant annual savings. - The design can be scaled or replicated for larger fleets or other commercial applications. - Limitations include reliance on solar resource availability and the need for grid backup or storage for uninterrupted service. The hybrid solar charging station effectively mitigates approximately 40.4 metric tons of CO2 emissions annually, contributing to both clean mobility and broader climate action efforts in India. Technically, the system outperforms standard benchmarks, with a performance ratio and capacity factor that exceed typical values for fixed-tilt commercial photovoltaic installations. Financial analysis reinforces the project\'s viability, highlighting a short payback period and substantial annual cost savings. Moreover, the system’s modular design allows for scalability and replication across larger EV fleets or different commercial settings. However, its effectiveness remains partially dependent on consistent solar irradiance, and uninterrupted service may require grid support or integration of battery storage systems.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Piyush Markam, Dr. A. K. Sharma. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.