Authors: Pratiksha Shete, Surekha Kohle
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46619
Certificate: View Certificate
Image security is important these days as data is increasing a lot. These data can be images, videos, text, audio, etc. so to protect these images from attackers who can destroy the image quality or modify the images, some technologies like AES, DES, RSA, etc. have been invented. With the generation, data security has also become an essential issue. Considering these issues, the proposed technique ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. Using these techniques, the host can encrypt and decrypt the image and can keep the digital images safe. When AES was chosen 16 years ago, digital technology was completely different from today and the scale of challenges was smaller, so with recent advanced technology and the emergence of new applications such as Big Data applications, in addition to applications running with 64-bit and many other applications have become necessary to design a new current algorithm for current requirements. Advanced Encryption Algorithm (AES) is a symmetric algorithm, which we will further discuss in detail in our research, and in addition to new recommendations for future work, a list of shortcomings and vulnerabilities of the internal structure of the AES algorithm will be diagnosed.
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet communication plays an important role in transferring a large amount of data to many users every day. Over the years, with the increase in data security, it becomes a problem that data is sent through insecure channels that are exposed to manipulation or attack by malicious users. Various security technologies have been put in place to ensure that data or messages reach only those who are authorized to receive them. Cryptography has been one of the main techniques deployed to secure data through the processes of encryption and decryption. Encryption involves encoding information to secure data from attackers so that they cannot easily access it. This process involves turning "images" into invisible "cipher images" using keys, substitutions, and permutations. In the decryption process, we intend to convert the encrypted image back to the original plain image without missing any pixel from the original image. Carrying out both processes involves the use of mathematical calculations and certain algorithms. The main concern of cryptography is to provide confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and authentication through encryption and decryption algorithms. There are various cryptographic techniques symmetric, asymmetric, and hashing. In this article, we will discuss the AES algorithm which is symmetric cryptography technique.
II. PREVIOUS WORK
In paper [3] This gives low complexity architecture and easily achieves low latency as well as high throughput. The design used an iterative looping approach with a block and key size of 128-bit, lookup table implementation of S-box. Kamali S.H et. [4] used the modified advanced encryption algorithm to reflect a high level of security and better image encryption. The modification is done by adjusting the ShiftRow Transformation. The author has compared the results of the previous AES algorithm and the modified AES algorithm.
III. PROPOSED WORK
A. AES Algorithm
AES is a data encryption algorithm introduced by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. The AES algorithm, also known as the Rijndael algorithm, is a symmetric block cipher algorithm that uses 128,192 or 256 bits. Keys to transform a 128-bit message block into 128-bit ciphertext. This method makes it strong, secure, and exponentially stronger than DES, which uses a 56-bit key.
The AES algorithm uses a substitution permutation or SP network with several rounds to generate the ciphertext. The length of the key used will determine the number of rounds.
The number of rounds shown in Figure 2, 10, applies to the case where the encryption key is 128 bits long. The number of cycles is 12 when the key is 192 bits, and 14 when the key is 256. Before any cycle-based encryption processing can begin, they converted the digital images into a binary matrix to process it through the AES encryption algorithm. It is divided into 4*4 matrix for each unit of 8 bits to form the plain text of the algorithm. The input state field is XORed with the first four bytes of the key schedule.
The same thing happens during decryption - except now we XOR the state field of the ciphertext with the last four words of the key schedule.
Byte 00 |
Byte 01 |
Byte 02 |
Byte 03 |
Byte 04 |
Byte 05 |
Byte 06 |
Byte 07 |
Byte 08 |
Byte 09 |
Byte 10 |
Byte 11 |
Byte 12 |
Byte 13 |
Byte 14 |
Bye 15 |
Figure 1: 4*4 Matrix
For encryption, in each round following 4 steps are performed:
1) Replace bytes, 2) Shift rows, 3) Shuffle columns, and 4) Add round key.
In the last step XOR the output of the previous three steps with four words from the key schedule.
For decryption, in each round following four steps are performed:
1) Inverse row shift, 2) Inverse spare bytes, 3) Round key addition, and 4) Inverse column mix.
In the third step XOR the output of the previous two steps with four words from the key schedule.
The last round for encryption doesn’t contain the “Mix columns” step. The last round for decryption doesn’t contain the “Inverse mix columns” step.
Figure 2: shows the various steps performed in each round.
B. Analysis And Justifications For The Drawbacks Of The Aes Algorithm
After a study and analysis of the internal structure and the algebraic foundation of the AES cipher, there is evidence that the AES algorithm has many suspicious aspects and it has suffered from several vulnerabilities from the design term that is listed below:
???????C. Recommendations
After this deep study, there are several important recommendations for future work that are summarized here:
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my great appreciation to Dr. Surekha Kohle for her valuable and constructive suggestions during the research paper.
The As mentioned above, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is one of the most efficient algorithms and is widely supported and adopted on hardware and software. Another notable thing about the AES algorithm is that the encryption and decryption processes are very similar except for a few differences. The basic aim of this study is to point out weak points and vulnerable points, in addition to explaining the gaps in the structural elements that can be used in the AES structure. This paper discussed the properties of the AES algorithm that are the best alternatives by providing a set of basic diagnostic factors for negative aspects from the perspective of scientific researchers around the world. In addition to basic solutions for the development of a modern algorithm, the mentioned research also includes some future recommendations for designers and academic specialists. The AES algorithm certainly has some weaknesses, but they are minimal compared to its strengths.
[1] Bhargav, S., Majumdar, A., & Ramudit, S. (2008, Spring). 128-bit AES decryption. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~sedwards/classes/2008/4840/reports/AES.pdf [2] Clark, A. (2018, August 2). How much encryption is too much: 128,, 256 or 512-bit? Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://discover.realvnc.com/blog/how-much-encryption-is-too-much-128-256-or-512-bit [3] Hoang Trang and Nguyen Van Loi, “An Efficient FPGA Implementation of The Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm”, IEEE International Conference on Computing and Communication Technology, page 1-4, Ho Chi Minh city, 2012. [4] Kamali S.H, Shakerian R, Hedayati M and Rahmani M, “A new modied version of Advanced Encryption Standard based algorithm for image encryption”, (ICEIE) International Conference On Electronics and Information Engineering, volume 1, page 1250-1255, Aug 2010 [5] AES Encryption: study and Evaluation (PDF) AES Encryption: Study & Evaluation (researchgate.net) [6] Thakkar, J. (2020, June 2). DES vs. AES: Everything to Know About AES 256 and DES Encryption. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://sectigostore.com/blog/des-vs-aes-everything-to-know-about-aes-256-and-des-encryption/ [7] Townsend Security. (2020, June 1). AES vs. DES Encryption: Why AES has replaced DES, 3DES, and TDEA. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.precisely.com/blog/data-security/aes-vs-des-encryption-standard-3des-tdea [8] Mustafeez, A. Z. (n.d.). What is the AES algorithm? Retrieved November 20, 2020, from https://www.educative.io/edpresso/what-is-the-aes-algorithm [9] M. Y. Rhee, \"Internet Security Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and Protocols\", John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, England, 2003. [10] O. A. Dawood, A. S. Rahma and A. J. Abdul Hossein, “The New Block Cipher Design (Tigris Cipher)”, I.J.Computer Network and Information Security (IJCNIS).
Copyright © 2022 Pratiksha Shete, Surekha Kohle. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Paper Id : IJRASET46619
Publish Date : 2022-09-04
ISSN : 2321-9653
Publisher Name : IJRASET
DOI Link : Click Here