Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charing using Integrated Renewable Energy Powered Grid for Energy Management

Abstract

An approach for grid-connected bidirectional charging stations (BCS) that use both solar and wind power is presented in this study. To meet the increasing demand for energy systems, the system dynamically adapts its operations to maximize energy use and interaction with the grid. Even when an EV isn\'t plugged in, the grid can still charge the storage battery with the excess power from wind turbines and solar panels. When an electric vehicle is in the area, the BDDC converter prioritizes charging the battery with energy from renewable sources like solar panels and wind turbines. Extra power is taken from the grid if the total output of these sources is inadequate. In addition, in V2G scenarios, all the electricity that is generated by solar panels, wind turbines, storage batteries, and electric vehicle batteries can be fed back into the grid. This improves grid stability and makes better use of renewable energy sources. Electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be charged straight from the grid (G2V) even when renewable energy sources like wind and sunlight aren\'t available. By utilizing the MATLAB Simulink software, the suggested approach has been validated.

Introduction

With the global transition to renewable energy, the transportation sector is key in reducing environmental impact and carbon emissions. Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer a sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, this shift brings challenges such as the need for fast-charging infrastructure, grid stability, and renewable integration.

Microgrids—localized power systems that can operate independently or with the main grid—are increasingly used to support EV adoption. These systems rely on battery storage systems (BSS) and control algorithms to manage the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources (RES) like solar and wind.

Key infrastructure includes off-board DC microgrid (DCMG) charging systems, enabling flexible charging with V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) capabilities. Research has explored hybrid charging stations combining solar and wind power to support fast EV charging while enhancing grid stability.

System Operation Modes

The proposed system has four modes:

1. Mode 1: No EV present – RES charge storage; surplus sent to grid.

2. Mode 2: EV charging from solar, wind, and battery storage.

3. Mode 3: Direct grid-based EV charging.

4. Mode 4: V2G – EV batteries, RES, and storage feed power back to grid.

EV Charger Types

• Level 1: 110V AC, slow charging via standard outlets.

• Level 2: 220/240V AC, faster charging (up to 30A).

• Level 3 (DC Fast Chargers): 100A+, suitable for long-distance travel and grid support.

System Components

1. Solar PV System: Uses MPPT and DC-DC boost converters for maximum power extraction. Rated at 3 kW, with 12 series modules.

2. Wind Energy System: Uses PMSG-based WECS, connected via rectifier and boost converter; designed to operate at optimal pitch angle and speed.

3. Batteries:

   • Storage Battery: 72V, 30Ah

   • EV Battery: 320V, 100Ah
     Both are charged/discharged via Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (BDDC).

4. Filters: Inductive filters clean harmonic noise between the inverter and the grid to ensure power quality.

Equations and Performance

• Solar and wind generation use equations involving irradiance, temperature, wind speed, and power coefficients.

• BDDC converters manage energy flow efficiently between RES, storage, EVs, and the grid.

Conclusion

A bidirectional electric vehicle charger that integrates with the grid and uses renewable energy sources is proposed in this research. The suggested system incorporates both G2V and V2G modes and operates continuously in grid-connected mode. The results are generated using the MATLAB Simulink software. The system efficiently manages the flow of active and reactive power, guaranteeing a stable DC-link voltage and efficient energy transmission. It does this by integrating solar and wind power with battery storage and using the d-q control technique. To lessen reliance on the grid, EV charging stations employ maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to glean the greatest energy possible from renewable sources. It also adds high-quality, additional power to the system. There is a 2.6% THD in mode-1 and a 1.47% THD in mode-4.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Dharavath Naveen, M. T. Naik. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.