A Smart Review of Internet of Things Applications and Their Security Issues

Abstract

Internet of Things is one of the most widely used and advanced computer technologies today. This is due to the new generation of adoption, automation, reality-based intelligence that interconnects objects and infrastructure in everyday life. In this review paper, an attempt has been made to analyze IoT in detail, focusing on its transformative aspects in various aspects of IoT, particularly in sectors such as industry, automation, smart living, medicine, safety, and agriculture. IoT has wide acceptance, and various security aspects and scenarios have been introduced. Also, the heterogeneous nature of IoT\'s various sensor gadgets, their limited support aspects and scale of deployment create a well-sized, and vulnerable attack surface. We analyze key protection problems, inclusive of facts privateness breaches, unauthorized get admission to, denial-of-provider (DoS) assaults, and tool manipulation. Furthermore, we explore ability solutions and mitigation techniques, together with light-weight cryptography, sturdy authentication protocols, and the use of rising technologies like blockchain and machine mastering for enhanced chance detection. This paper concludes via emphasizing the vital need for a holistic protection technique that addresses vulnerabilities at each layer of the IoT structure to make certain a steady and reliable related future.

Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology that connects physical devices through the internet, enabling real-time data exchange, automation, and intelligent decision-making. It is widely used in areas such as smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation (IIoT), and smart cities. While IoT improves efficiency, convenience, and productivity across domains, it also introduces major security and privacy challenges due to resource-limited devices, weak encryption, and large-scale connectivity.

The literature review highlights that IoT research has evolved from basic system overviews to advanced studies focusing on security, communication, and emerging technologies like 5G, AI, machine learning, blockchain, fog computing, and edge computing. Many studies emphasize both the benefits of IoT applications and the growing risks related to data breaches, device vulnerabilities, and cyberattacks. Several works also propose security frameworks and solutions to address these issues.

Conclusion

The Internet of Things is a significant technological advancement. IoT integrates devices with digital systems, and, due to this integration, it makes the automation of systems easier and gives efficiencies and insights based on data. IoT can change and improve industries such as smart homes, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities. However, the IoT still has some challenges. Primarily, there remain some major security and privacy issues: weak authentication, insecure communication, and unpatched software vulnerabilities provide and has already been exploited a very weak and wide attack surface that has already been exploited in large-scale cyber-attacks. A proactive and multi-layered approach to security will help mitigate challenges to realizing the true potential of the connected world. Strong security protocols include robust authentication, end-to-end data encryption, and regular firmware updates. Throughout the research paper, we have highlighted the Internet of Things and its practical aspects, as well as reviewed several previous papers. In this paper security risks of Internet of Things ere also discussed. Finally, we have tried to give an idea of the Smart modern application of the Google authentication system at the end of this research paper. A security-first design with ongoing adaptation to new threats will create an IoT ecosystem with the trust and resilience to enhance our lives and society.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Bishal Biswas, Subhankar Sarkar, Soumen Bhowmik . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.