Review on IOT Based Fire Detection System

Abstract

Fire accidents remain a major threat to human life and property, especially in homes, industries, and public spaces. In many cases, the damage becomes severe because fire is not detected at an early stage. To address this issue, this paper presents an IoT-based fire detection system designed to provide fast and reliable fire alerts. The system continuously monitors environmental conditions using flame, smoke, and temperature sensors connected to a microcontroller. When signs of fire are detected, the system instantly sends an alert to the user through the Internet, allowing quick action to be taken even from a remote location. The real-time data can be viewed through a cloud platform or mobile application for better monitoring. Testing results show that the proposed system responds quickly to fire situations while remaining cost-effective and energy efficient. Due to its simplicity, accuracy, and remote monitoring capability, the system is well suited for smart homes, industrial safety, and other safety-critical environments.

Introduction

Fire accidents pose serious risks to life, property, and the environment, often caused by electrical faults, gas leaks, overheating, or human negligence. Traditional fire detection systems rely on local alarms, which are limited to specific areas, cannot provide remote alerts, and often result in delayed responses. To overcome these limitations, IoT-based fire detection systems provide continuous, real-time monitoring and instant alerts via the internet, enhancing safety in homes, industries, and public spaces.

The system uses flame, smoke, and temperature sensors to detect fire-related conditions. Sensor signals are processed by a microcontroller, which compares readings to predefined thresholds. When abnormal conditions are detected, the system triggers local alarms (buzzers, LEDs) and sends remote alerts to users through an IoT platform, enabling quick action even if no one is physically present.

Design:

• Hardware: Microcontroller (Arduino/ESP), flame, smoke, temperature sensors, buzzer, LEDs, Wi-Fi/GSM module.

• Software: Embedded program for continuous sensor monitoring, threshold comparison, and alert generation.

• Integration: Coordinated operation of hardware and software ensures reliable, automated fire detection.

Applications: Smart homes, industrial and commercial buildings, hospitals, forest monitoring, and public infrastructure.

Advantages: Real-time detection, remote alerts, cost-effective, energy-efficient, and easy to install.
Limitations: Dependence on internet connectivity and potential sensor inaccuracies.
Future Improvements: Integration with automatic fire suppression, advanced sensors, AI analytics, cloud storage, mobile apps, and smart city platforms for predictive fire monitoring.

This IoT-based system significantly enhances fire safety by enabling early detection, fast response, and continuous monitoring.

Conclusion

The IoT-based fire detection system provides an efficient and reliable solution for early fire detection and safety management. By combining sensors with IoT technology, the system enables real-time monitoring and instant alerts. This helps in reducing damage, protecting lives, and improving fire safety in various environments. The IoT-based fire detection system presented in this work provides an effective and reliable solution for early fire detection and safety management. By continuously monitoring fire-related parameters such as smoke, flame, and temperature, the system is capable of identifying fire incidents at an early stage. The integration of IoT technology enables real-time alerts and remote monitoring, which significantly improves response time. This timely detection helps in minimizing damage to life and property and enhances overall safety in residential, industrial, and public environments.

References

[1] Raj Kamal, Microcontrollers: Architecture, Programming, Interfacing and System Design, Pearson Education, India. [2] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi, and Sepehr Naimi, The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education. [3] Douglas V. Hall, Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware, McGraw-Hill Education. [4] Arduino Uno Technical Documentation and Hardware Reference Manual. [5] ESP8266 / ESP32 Wi-Fi Module Datasheet and Technical Specifications. [6] Smoke Sensor (MQ-2 / MQ-135) Datasheet and Application Notes. [7] Flame Sensor Module Technical Specifications and Working Principles. [8] Temperature Sensor (LM35 / DHT11) Datasheet and User Guide. [9] Internet of Things (IoT): Architecture, Applications, and Security Concepts, Reference Notes. [10] Fire Safety Standards and Guidelines, Government and Safety Authority Publications.

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Akansha Singh , Saloni Maheta, Shriyash Ninawe, Kahekasha Shaikh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.