IoT Based Water Level Monitoring and Control System

Abstract

This project presents an IoT-based smart water level monitoring and control system using the ESP32 microcontroller. The system is designed to monitor the water levels in two tanks — a source tank and a main storage tank — using ultrasonic sensors. The measured water levels are processed and displayed as percentage values on a 16x2 LCD as well as on a mobile application using Blynk. The system automatically controls a water pump through a relay based on predefined conditions. The pump turns ON when the main tank level is low and turns OFF when the tank is full or when the source tank level is insufficient. Additional features such as LED indicators, buzzer alerts, and WiFi-based monitoring enhance usability and safety. The system ensures efficient water management, prevents overflow, and protects the pump from dry running.

Introduction

The text describes an IoT-based water level monitoring and control system using ESP32 designed to improve water management in residential, agricultural, and industrial settings.

It explains that manual water monitoring often leads to problems such as overflow, water wastage, and pump damage due to dry running. To solve this, the proposed system uses ultrasonic sensors to measure water levels in both source and main tanks and automatically control the pump based on real-time conditions.

The system sends data to an ESP32 microcontroller, which processes sensor inputs and makes decisions. It also connects to Wi-Fi, enabling real-time monitoring and remote control through a mobile application (such as Blynk). The water level is displayed both on an LCD screen and on the mobile app.

The literature review highlights that previous IoT-based water monitoring systems successfully support real-time tracking, automation, and even flood warning systems, with ESP32 being widely used for efficient and secure implementations.

The system architecture includes:

• Ultrasonic sensors for measuring water levels
• ESP32 as the central controller
• Wi-Fi connectivity for IoT communication
• Mobile app for monitoring and control
• LCD for local display

Conclusion

From the above observations and test results, it can be concluded that the system operates efficiently and reliably. It successfully prevents water overflow, avoids dry running of the pump, and provides real-time monitoring through IoT. The system is suitable for practical implementation in residential, agricultural, and industrial applications.

References

[1] S. L. Murugan and L. Thevi, “IoT Water Level Monitoring System,” ResearchGate, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359601248_IoT_Water_Level_Monitoring_System [2] C. Z. Zulkifli et al., “IoT-Based Water Monitoring Systems: A Systematic Review,” ResearchGate, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365286333_IoT- Based_Water_Monitoring_Systems_A_Systematic_Review [3] T. Jadhav et al., “IoT-Based Water Level Monitoring and Flood Alert System,” ResearchGate, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396107825_IoT-based_Water_Level_Monitoring_and_Flood_Alert_System [4] “Secure IoT-Based Real-Time Water Level Monitoring System Using ESP32,” ResearchGate, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390702469_Secure_IoT-Based_Real- Time_Water_Level_Monitoring_System_Using_ESP32_for_Critical_Infrastructure [5] C. Z. Zulkifli et al., “IoT-Based Water Monitoring Systems: A Systematic Review,” ResearchGate, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365286333_IoT- Based_Water_Monitoring_Systems_A_Systematic_Review [6] T. Jadhav et al., “IoT-Based Water Level Monitoring and Flood Alert System,” ResearchGate, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396107825_IoT- based_Water_Level_Monitoring_and_Flood_Alert_System [7] “Secure IoT-Based Real-Time Water Level Monitoring System Using ESP32,” ResearchGate, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390702469_Secure_IoT-Based_Real- Time_Water_Level_Monitoring_System_Using_ESP32_for_Critical_Infrastructure

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Keshav Singh, Sameer Kadam, Madhukar Shinde, Swapnil Jadhav. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.