IoT-Based Wireless EV Charging System using Solar Energy

Abstract

This research presents a prototype of a wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging system that utilizes mutual induction and solar energy to charge a 3.7V (6600mAh) battery while monitoring key battery parameters. The system incorporates a battery monitoring system (BMS) powered by a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, which continuously tracks the state of charge, battery percentage, voltage, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity during the charging process. The charging mechanism begins with a solar panel that charges a 12V main battery. This stored energy is then converted from 12V DC to 110V AC using a converter circuit, which supplies power to a set of transmitter coils embedded beneath a roadway platform. Through mutual induction, the receiver coil captures the transmitted energy. A TP4056 charging module then regulates the output to provide a stable 5V supply for efficient battery charging. To ensure real-time monitoring, a voltage divider circuit measures the battery voltage and transmits the data to the ESP8266 microcontroller, which displays the information on an OLED screen and sends updates to a Blynk IoT server. Additionally, a DHT22 sensor is integrated into the system to measure temperature and humidity levels, ensuring safe and efficient charging.

Introduction

1. Introduction

The transportation sector is a major emitter of greenhouse gases due to heavy dependence on fossil fuels. As electric vehicle (EV) adoption grows, so does the need for safe, efficient, and sustainable charging systems. Wired chargers pose issues related to safety, maintenance, and grid dependency. Wireless EV charging using mutual induction, powered by solar energy, offers a cleaner, safer, and more user-friendly alternative.

2. Proposed System

This research presents an IoT-enabled wireless charging system for EVs powered by solar panels. The system includes:

• Wireless power transfer (WPT) through mutual induction.

• A Battery Monitoring System (BMS) that tracks parameters like voltage, temperature, and charge percentage.

• IoT connectivity via the ESP8266 microcontroller and Blynk platform for remote monitoring.

• Integration of solar power as the primary energy source to reduce grid dependency and carbon emissions.

3. Literature Review Highlights

• Inductive charging principles and efficiency (Kalwar, Mekhilef).

• ESP8266-based real-time BMS (Telicko, Jakovics).

• Solar-integrated dynamic charging roads (Chandran, A.S.).

• IoT-based EV battery management (Shah, Ahmed).

• Environmental effects on solar PV performance (Jena, Naik).

• Low-cost GSM monitoring for renewables (Gaurav, Mittal).

4. System Design and Working

Main Components:

• Solar Panel Array: Captures solar energy to generate DC electricity.

• Battery Storage Unit: Stores solar energy for continuous supply.

• Inverter Circuit: Converts DC to high-frequency AC for WPT.

• Wireless Charging Module: Transfers power via transmitter and receiver coils using mutual induction.

• Battery Monitoring System (BMS): Monitors voltage, temperature, humidity, and SoC using sensors and microcontroller.

• IoT Module (ESP8266): Sends real-time battery data to cloud/dashboard.

• Load (EV Battery): Receives rectified power for charging.

5. Hardware Components Summary

6. Case Study & Experimental Results

The system was implemented and tested under real conditions. Key findings:

Despite relatively low efficiency (5–10%), the system proved functional and capable of remote monitoring via the Blynk platform.

7. Benefits and Impact

• Eliminates physical connectors, reducing wear and improving safety.

• Enables remote monitoring via IoT.

• Promotes sustainability by integrating solar energy.

• Reduces carbon footprint and grid dependency.

Conclusion

In Conclusion, this Research Paper highlights the wireless charging of a 3.7V battery using solar while monitoring the battery conditions like battery voltage, battery percentage, temperature and humidity of the battery using ESP 8266 microcontroller which monitors battery conditions like battery voltage, battery percentage, temperature and Humidity which regularly send its data to blynk Iot server using inbuilt Wi-Fi in the ESP 8266 Processor.

References

[1] K.A. Kalwar, M. Aamir, S. Mekhilef “Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) for electric vehicle charging – a review”, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 47 (2015), pp. 462-475 [2] V. Chandran, A. S, A. B, D. V, P. R. S and A. S, \"Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using Solar Road,\" 2022 International Conference on Innovations in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development (ICISTSD), Kollam, India, 2022, pp. 353-358, doi: 10.1109/ICISTSD55159.2022.10010459. [3] H. Barth, M. Jung, M. Braun, B. Schmülling, U. Reker“Concept Evaluation of an Inductive Charging System for Electric Vehicles”, Presented at the 3rd European ConferenceSmartGrids and E-Mobility, Munchen, Germany (2011) [4] M. SangCheol, K. Bong-Chul, C. Shin-Young, A. Chi-Hyung, M. Gun- Woo“Analysis and design of a wireless power transfer system with an intermediate coil for high efficiency”,Indust. Electr, IEEE Trans., 61 (2014), pp. 5861-5870 [5] G.A. Covic, J.T. Boys “Inductive power transfer”, Proc. IEEE, 101 (2013), pp. 1276-1289 [6] M. Shatnawi, K. B. Ari, K. Alshamsi, M. Alhammadi and O. Alamoodi, \"Solar EV Charging,\" 2021 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and Applications (ICREGA), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2021, pp. 178-183, doi: 10.1109/ICREGA50506.2021.9388301 [7] G.A. Covic, J.T. Boys “Modern trends in inductive power transfer for transportation applications. Emerging and selected topics in power electronics”, IEEE J., 1 (2013), pp. 28-41 [8] C. Piao, Q. Liu, Z. Huang, C. Cho, and X. Shu, “VRLA Battery Management System Based on LIN Bus for Electric Vehicle”, Advanced Technology in Teaching, AISC163, pp. 753-763, 2011. [9] B. Wang, K. H. Teo, T. Nishino, W. Yerazunis, J. Barnwell & J. Zhang (2011). Wireless power transfer with metamaterials. In Proc. the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Rome, Italy, 3905-3908, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224239874. [10] J. Wu, B. Wang, W. S. Yerazunis & K. H. Teo (2013). Wireless power transfer with artificial magnetic conductors. In Proc. 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference, Perugia, Italy, 155-158, Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6556906 [11] J. Telicko and A. Jakovics, \"Power efficient wireless monitoring system based on ESP8266,\" 2022 IEEE 63th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON), Riga, Latvia, 2022, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/RTUCON56726.2022.9978873 [12] V. Funde, M. Gurpude, S. Latelwar, V. Channawar and S. Khubalkar, \"Design and Implementation of Microcontroller based Smart Battery Management System,\" 2024 Second International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power and Renewable Energy (SPECon), Ernakulam, India, 2024, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/SPECon61254.2024.10537454

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Dr. Priyanka Jain, Abhishek Dhabas, Shankar Raiya, Rajeev Mahawar , Ankit Chopra. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.