Exploring the Medicinal Properties of Traditional Indian Medicine for Treating Diabetes Mellitus-2

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a group of metabolic disorder and a pandemic. It is difficult to manage. The treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) concerned with lifelong medicines, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise but T2DM can be prevented. To reduce new cases of diabetes it is key way to control it globally. Many reaserchers have been studying medicinal plants as supplements to prevent and manage T2DM. One such plant product is curcumin, which comes from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). Curcumin is a natural active compound with many health benefits proven in lab and animal studies. These include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, heart-protective, liver-protective, kidney-protective, immune-boosting, infection-fighting, cancer preventive, blood sugar–lowering, and joint pain–relieving effects. In animal studies, curcumin has been shown to delay the development of diabetes, improve the working of pancreatic ?-cells (which produce insulin), protect them from damage, and reduce insulin resistance. At various times, measurements have been made of the plasma insulin concentration, insulin generalization variable, and blood sugar level. Because they are readily available in India, medicinal plants such as aloe vera, garlic, Tulsi, bitter melons, and neem have been chosen for their proven anti-hyperglycaemic qualities. Mathematical solutions were calculated for every plant and proved to be steady.

Introduction

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a widespread metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, where insulin is produced but not effectively used by the body, leading to high blood glucose and potential long-term complications like nephropathy. Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, causing insulin deficiency. Diabetes can also occur during pregnancy (gestational diabetes).

Epidemiology and Classification: Diabetes has been known since ancient times, with over 300 million projected cases worldwide by 2025. It is classified as:

• Type 1: Insulin-dependent, usually childhood-onset

• Type 2: Non-insulin-dependent, typically adult-onset

• Gestational (Type 3): Appears during pregnancy

Treatment Approaches: Conventional therapies include insulin administration and oral hypoglycemic agents, which can be costly and cause side effects like hypoglycemia and weight gain. Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) are essential.

Medicinal Plants in Diabetes Management: Herbal remedies are increasingly studied for T2DM prevention and management due to bioactive compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins) that:

1. Inhibit DPP4, enhancing GLP-1 and GIP activity to boost insulin secretion

2. Improve insulin sensitivity in tissues

3. Protect and restore pancreatic β-cells

Notable Antidiabetic Plants and Mechanisms:

• Ginger: Enhances insulin signaling, inhibits gluconeogenesis, modulates lipid metabolism.

• Fenugreek: Improves insulin secretion, sensitivity, and carbohydrate metabolism; has antioxidant activity.

• Neem: Enhances insulin utilization, regenerates β-cells, reduces insulin resistance.

• Jamun (Syzygium cumini): Contains polyphenols and flavonoids, improves glycemic control.

• Papaya: Low glycemic index, antioxidants improve insulin sensitivity.

• Mango: Polyphenols like mangiferin enhance insulin secretion and glucose uptake.

• Aloe vera: Improves insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, reduces intestinal glucose absorption.

• Turmeric: Curcumin reduces inflammation, preserves insulin sensitivity.

• Garlic: Allicin and derivatives reduce oxidative stress, protect β-cells.

• Bitter gourd: Charantin, polypeptide-p, and vicine stimulate insulin secretion and lower blood glucose.

Key Points:

• Over 300 plant species have hypoglycemic effects; 109 have well-studied mechanisms.

• Medicinal plants offer effective, safe alternatives or complements to conventional therapies.

• India has a rich history and biodiversity of medicinal plants for diabetes management.

Conclusion

The increasing amount of data that supports the use of herbal medicine to treat diabetes highlights how natural therapies can be used in addition to traditional methods. Herbal remedies have demonstrated their efficacy in managing blood sugar levels, improving insulin sensitivity and addressing various complications associated with diabetes. The integration of herbal medicine into diabetes care not only offers a holistic and personalized approach but also opens avenues for exploring sustainable, nature-derived solutions. The rich history of herbal medicine across cultures further emphasizes its time-tested reliability in promoting overall well-being. Harnessing the power of plant-based compounds, herbal remedies not only target the symptoms but also address the root causes of diabetes. This holistic approach aligns with the growing trend towards personalized and patient-centred healthcare. Moreover, the relatively lower risk of side effects associated with many herbal treatments presents a compelling case for their inclusion in diabetes management plans. As we strive for more sustainable and natural healthcare solutions, herbal medicine stands out as a promising avenue for diabetic individuals seeking effective, safe and long-term strategies for their well-being. However, it is crucial to note that individual responses to herbal remedies may vary and consultation with healthcare professionals remains essential. Further research is required to integrate herbal medicine into mainstream diabetes care, collaboration of modern and traditional medicine and on-going exploration of the vast potential that nature offers in the fight against diabetes. In embracing the wisdom of traditional healing practices and combining it with modern scientific knowledge, we pave the way for a comprehensive and integrated approach to diabetes management. The continued exploration and utilization of herbal medicine mark a significant step towards a future where individuals with diabetes can access a diverse array of treatment options that prioritize both their health and the sustainability of our healthcare systems. [1, 4, 19, 30, 20, 24, 36,45,52,60].

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Shristi Kumari, Surya Pratap Singh, Sagar Tiwari, Dr. Nakul Gupta, Bhawna Shridhar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.