Quantum vs. Classical Approaches: A Comparative Study and Future Perspectives

Abstract

The paper provides an exploration of quantum computing, emphasizing its potential and challenges. It begins with the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and differentiates between classical and quantum computing, focusing on concepts like qubits, superposition, and entanglement. The authors identify the existing limitations in practical quantum applications, particularly within the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, where issues like noise in quantum circuits hinder scalability and reliability. The paper addresses the need for advancements in hardware, error correction techniques, and practical algorithms tailored for current technological constraints. Additionally, it discusses the implications of quantum computing on cryptography, underscoring the vulnerability of traditional cryptographic methods and the urgency for post-quantum cryptographic solutions. The methodology involves literature review, expert consultations, and bibliometric analysis to gauge global research trends in quantum computing. The paper highlights crucial research gaps, particularly in the development of scalable quantum algorithms suitable for near-future applications.

Introduction

Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics principles, using qubits that can exist in superposition and become entangled, enabling new computational possibilities beyond classical bits. This technology promises revolutionary impacts, especially in cryptography, where quantum algorithms like Shor’s threaten current encryption methods such as RSA. Despite significant research growth and technological advancements, challenges remain in developing scalable, stable quantum systems and robust post-quantum cryptographic solutions.

The paper’s methodology includes literature review, expert consultations, technical evaluations of hardware and software, bibliometric analysis of research trends, and identification of gaps in practical quantum algorithms and cryptography.

Key gaps include the limited availability of practical quantum algorithms for current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, incomplete understanding of quantum threats to all cryptographic protocols, insufficient scalable post-quantum cryptography implementations, and underdeveloped quantum hardware materials.

Major challenges are scalability of quantum hardware amidst noise and decoherence, complex quantum error correction, secure integration with classical computing systems, ongoing cryptography research for standardization and deployment, and the technical complexity hindering widespread adoption of post-quantum cryptographic methods.

Conclusion

The rise of quantum computing presents both exciting opportunities and significant challenges, particularly in the field of cryptography. As quantum technologies advance, they threaten to undermine traditional cryptographic systems, necessitating urgent research and development of post-quantum cryptography that can withstand quantum attacks. Key gaps, such as the lack of practical algorithms for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines and the need for scalable security solutions, highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among quantum physicists, materials scientists, and cryptographers. To ensure digital security in the quantum era, it is essential to proactively address these challenges and innovate robust cryptographic frameworks. By anticipating potential vulnerabilities and advancing quantum technologies, we can secure sensitive information and foster a resilient digital landscape in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.

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Copyright © 2025 Shailesh Palavakar, Vishwajit Jagtap, Pathan Wahid. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.