Design and Analysis of Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The capacity of a system for battery management (BMS) to evaluate the general condition of the battery pack is one of its most important features. The BMS monitors the capacity of the weakest cell and the internal resistance of each cell. Based on these variables, it calculates a cell healthiness percent that ranges from 0% to 100%. A fault code is created and freeze frame data is kept for later examination if any cells or the entire pack fall below the predetermined criteria when this health data is assessed against them. Numerous functions on the BMS are designed to protect the battery pack. These systems use techniques to make sure the battery lasts longer and is ready to give full power when needed, in addition to continuously monitoring and safeguarding it. The BMS extends the life of the battery pack and improves its performance by carefully controlling cycles of charging and discharging, balancing cell voltages, and guarding against situations that could harm the battery. This guarantees dependable operation and maximum efficiency.

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits and lower carbon footprint. A critical component in EVs is the Battery Management System (BMS), which monitors and controls the charging, discharging, temperature, voltage, and state of charge of battery packs to ensure safety, durability, and optimal performance. This paper proposes an Arduino-based BMS integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology for real-time monitoring and remote control, enhancing battery efficiency and lifespan.

The BMS architecture includes sensors and a microcontroller that collect battery data (voltage, current, temperature), transmitting it wirelessly to a cloud server for analysis and driver updates. Effective BMS is essential for lithium-ion batteries, which require precise charging controls to avoid overcharging or deep discharging that can cause failures or hazards.

Two main cell balancing methods are discussed:

• Passive balancing, which uses resistors to discharge excess energy from higher-charged cells, is simpler and widely used.

• Active balancing transfers energy from higher to lower charged cells via switched capacitors or transformers, improving efficiency.

The design favors passive balancing due to simplicity, using the CCCV charging method for lithium-ion batteries. Key challenges include ensuring accurate voltage measurement, handling floating grounds in vehicles, managing battery aging, reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI), and maintaining system reliability.

Conclusion

A system for managing batteries is required for electric cars and other systems that use rechargeable batteries (BMS). To ensure the longevity and safety of batteries, a BMS\'s main job is to supervise, control, and optimise the charging and discharge procedures. A well-designed BMS can prolong the battery\'s life, improve performance and dependability, and reduce the risk of catastrophic failures like fire or explosion. Therefore, a BMS is essential to the long-term growth of energy storage and electric vehicles. By addressing heat-related problems, the suggested method improves battery efficiency and provides a financially viable alternative for battery management. The BMS is also very economical and dependable. The foundation for figuring out the battery\'s charging and discharging properties is the MATLAB/Simulink technique used in this project. It makes it easier to browse through requirements, generated software, tests, and projects. It also makes it easier to annotate diagrams with relevant needs. The algorithm also helps with building drag-and-drop links and researching requirements and traceability. It is essential for identifying modifications to associated tests, diagrams, and specifications. In compliance with the standards, it also computes the performance or verification status. In order to accurately represent the electrical system, Simulink and the simulation technique are needed.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Mr. Mohan Wasudeorao Raut, Prof. Kishor S. Dhore, Ms. Priti Ashokrao Kapse, Ms. Swati Tularam Pardhi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.