A Review Study of Sandi Sharir Colleration with Modern

Abstract

We have evolved our way of life on the \"art of locomotion.\" We move on our joints, which are well-supported by soft tissues like muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Without the ability to move, life would not have been easy. Our living movements are made possible by the flexibility and vast array of movements that are specialized and programmed differently in various bone joints. The key to success and advancement is movement, and our body\'s joints are the key to movement. Many vedic, ayurveda, and non-ayurvedic texts have used synonyms for sandhi, such as sangama, samyoga, and sammilana. This indicates that sandhi is the articulation or junction of two or more structures. A joint, in the modern sense, is a location where two or more bones articulate with one another. Joints come in a range of shapes and purposes. They are designed to accommodate a variety of movement types and degrees, including flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. Similar to Sushruta Samhita, joints are classified as either immovable (sthira) or mobile (chestavantsandhi) in the current day. It was then separated into eight categories once more. There is consistency in the types, locations, and composition of joints between Sushruta Samhita and current anatomy, however the numerical differences are merely noticeable. Modern anatomy describes 360 joints however the Sushruta Samhita describes 210 sandhis. Acharya Sushruta has identified the precise names of 210 joints but not their locations. I coordinated the sandhis with the modalities of 210 for this research report, and only their names were provided based on their precise position.

Introduction

The oldest medical science that addresses both physical and mental well-being in humans is Ayurveda. According to Atreya, Dhanvantari, and all other cultures, understanding the body is crucial for knowledge's sake in Ayurvedic literature. According to Sabdakalpadhruma the word sandhi is derived from sam + dha + ki pratyay means samyoga or articulation. According to the father of Medicine Acharya Charak “Ashthisanyoga sthanam” means meeting place between two or more bones called sandhi. According to Sushruta father of surgery the term sandhi sharir means the study of joints not only bony joints but any places where pesi (muscles), snayu (ligaments), siras (veins) etc are associated or meeting with each other. The term sandhi means samyoga or junction or meeting place or association. According to Acharya Sushruta Sandhi only Asthi sandhi should be taken into account where as sandhi of pesi (muscle) snayu (ligaments), siras (veins) etc are innumerable and should be excluded while counting. Thus sandhi or joint are the junction between two or more bone or cartilages. It is device to permit movements. According to other opinions like as sharangadharaSamhitasandhis are also the meeting place of any two structures in the body such sandhis are held together by sleshmakKapha. Sleshmadhara kala presents in all kind of joints, for supporting its function, just like the moves easily when its axle hole is lubricated with oil, similarly the joints moves freely, lubricate with sleshmakapha. Acharya Sushruta first divided the sandhis into two types.

Classification of sandhis based on range of movements

The sandhis are broadly classified into two groups.

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 Chestavanta or chesta yukta sandhis (Movable joints or Diarthroses)

These are the joints which permit free movements. These joints are more flexible and move in various directns with liberty. They found in shakhas (extrimities), hanu (jaw), and kati. Chestavantasandhis are again two types Bahu-chestayuktaSandhis These joints allow wide range of movements. These types of joins are found in extrimities (elbow, knee, shoulder etc) and hanu (temporo-mandibular joint).

Alpa chestayukta sandhis

These are also movable joints but permits only a small range of movements. Such joints are found in vertebral column. SthiraSandhis or AchestayuktaSandhis (Immovable joints) These are joints which do not permit movements and are stable. All the other joints apart from those explained in chestavantasandhis are considered as sthirasandhis.

Classification of sandhi based on ‘structure of joints Based on structure and shape of joints, sandhids are eight types. They are described below.

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1. KoraSandhi

These are in shape of hinges and are totally mobile in one direction while partially mobile in opposite direction. Example of such sandhis are seen in the joints of angulisandhi (joints of fingers, inter-phalangeal joint), manibandhasandhi (wrista joint), gulpha sandhi (ankle joint), janusandhi (knee joint) and kurparasandhi (elbow joint). These sandhis are compared to hinge joints.

1. Ulukhala or UdukhalaSandhi

These are the joint which allow pestle and mortar type of movements. Here the head shaped end of one bone articulates with the socket or pit like surface provided in another bone so as to form a ball and socket type of joint. Examples of ulukhala sandhis are kaksha sandhi (shoulder joint), vakshan sandhi (hip joint), dashana sandhi (articulation of teeth in their socket). Ulukhala can be compared to the ball ana socket type of joint.

1. Samudga Sandhi

This type of joint are of box shaped or plate shaped (bowl). Examples of samudga sandhi are the joint found in amsapeetha (glenoid cavity of scapula), guda (coccygeal) and Nitamba (iliac) region. These jonts are compared to cavity joints.

1. PratarSandhi

These are just plain type of joints wherein one surface of one bone articulate with the other surface of another bone. Example of pratarsandhi can be found in the joints of greevavamsha (dorsal or thorasic vertebrae) inter vertebral joint. These joints are copared to plain joint.

1. TunaSevaniSandhi

These joints are in the form of stitches or suture between two bones, i.e. one feels as if two bones heve been stitched with other. Example of tuna sevanisandhi can be found in the joints of shirahakapala (suture of the skull), and katikapal (suture joints of pelvic bones). These joints can be compared to sutural joint.

1. Vayasa Tunda Sandhi 

This joint is in the shape of beak of a crow. Example of vayasatundasandhi can be found in the joints of Hanusandhi (temporo-mandibular joint). these joint can be compared to crow beak joint.

1. Mandala Sandhi

These are round fixed and cartilaginous joints found in some structures of body. example of mandalasandhi can be found in Kantha (throat), Klomanadi (trachea)etc. these joints can be compared to the cartilaginous joint or annular joints.

1. Shankhavarta Sandhi

These joints are in the form and shape of spiral windings of conch. Example of sankhavartasandhi can be seen in the joints of the srotra (ear) and sringataka regions. These joints can be compared with the spiral and cartilaginous or membranous and fixed joints.

Number of joints in Whole body In our Ayurved classics different Acharyas have mentioned different no of sandhi. According to AcharyaCharak in Charaksamhitasandhis are 200, he only mentioned about no of Asthi sandhi, but didn?t give description about features, characters, types and location of Asthisandhis.  According to AcharyaSushruta, sandhis are 210 in numbers, which are responsible for various movements. He gives description about features, characters, types and location of Asthisandhi. The distribution is as follows.

Number of joints and their location Acharyasushruta and in astangsangraha described about features, characters, sankhya (210) and location of asthisandhies. In modern science there are 360 joints in the body and proper description, situation & characters also present. So here we discuss about differentviews of different acharya about asthisandhisharirshankhya, types, location and its detail description and co- relative study with modern science.

Co-Relative study of the joint number with modern science: As Ayurvedic Classics, in modern Anatomy there may be some difference in number of joint. In modern design anatomy, sthirasandhis are called immovable joints and the chestayuktasandis are called movable joints. Acharya Sushruta not only described the position of 210 sandhis but the name and exact position of those sandhis have not yet been described. Here we discuss about no of joints according to Acharya Sushruta & its brief co-relation with modern science.

1. DISCUSSION

Understanding joints is essential for medical science in addition to its anatomical and structural significance. The most prevalent lifestyle problems seen in clinical practice are joint disorders. Their frequency is steadily rising in tandem with evolution. In addition to offering good lubrication, sandhis are abodes of Kapha, primarily Sleshmakakapha, which keeps them integrated and working. Sleshmadharakala, which secretes sleshma and nurses sandhis, covers all kinds of sandhis. Sandhis are also marmas, crucial places, or sensitive or fragile structures that, if damaged, can result in death, or deformity if damaged or degenerated.  Acharye says that there are two types of Sushrutasandhies. Synathrosis is immovable, whereas diathrosis is mobile. There are eight types of sandhis based on the shape and structure of the joints. Similar to the synovial joints described in SushrutaSamhita, the articular surface of the joint is lubricated by the synovial fluid released by the synovial membrane, which is principally in charge of preserving the joints' normal function. In different ayuvedicsamhita?s different views about sandhies. In charaksamhita according to Acharyacharakshankhaya of ashthisandhies are 200 but he didn?t give description about features, characters and location of asthisandhies. Acharyasushruta and in Astangsangraha described about features, characters, sankhya (210) and location of asthisandhies. In modern science there are 360 joints in the body and proper description characters also available. So here we discuss about different views of different acharya about asthisandhisharirshankhya, types, location and its detail description and corelative study with modern science. Like the vedic literature, in modern anatomies, the number of joints is the only the difference of opinion. They gave cartilaginous joints on the basis of they told the tarunasthi. Modern anatomy has different joints of different bones, but Acharya Sushruta has taken only one joint of many bones.

Conclusion

According to the numerous Ayurvedic classical literature, sandhis are places where two or more Asthis intersect. It is considered to be a mixture of two or more joint sowings, even in contemporary anatomy. Similar to Ayurvedic classics, there are still some questions over the number of joints in modern anatomy. The number of joints was 360 in modern science. This work outlined the many Acharyas perspectives on the sandhis and allowed for a conjunction with the joint described in contemporary anatomy. Following the explanation, the kind and placement of AcharyaSushruta\'s joints are nearly identical to those of modern anatomy, which divided joints into two categories: movable, or chestayuktasandhi, and immovable, or sthirsandhi. Similar to a synovial joint, he wrestled it in eight different varieties once more. As a consequence, we discovered that AcharyaSushruta\'s description best fits the sandhis that other classics obtained. The acharyasushruta\'s description closely relates to contemporary science. Their types, location, characters and features of sandhis are closely matched with modern description, variations only in numbers, because AcharyaSushruta has taken only one joint of many bones

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Dr. Anamika Soni, Dr. Subhash Upadhyay, Dr. Sakshi, Dr. Kumari Neelam, Dr. Dinesh Kumar Yadav. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.