Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building for Different Zone: A Review

Abstract

The vulnerability of multistorey buildings to seismic events has been a significant concern for structural engineers, especially in countries like India, which are seismically active. Different seismic zones require different structural considerations to ensure safety and serviceability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of seismic analysis of multistorey buildings for various seismic zones as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 guidelines. The study examines various structural configurations, analysis methods (linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear dynamic), and performance parameters like base shear, storey drift, displacement, and fundamental time period. This paper highlights the importance of seismic zone-specific design for achieving efficient and economical structures while ensuring adequate seismic performance.

Introduction

1. Overview

Earthquakes are natural events that can severely damage buildings, particularly high-rise structures if they are not properly designed. India is divided into four seismic zones (II to V) based on earthquake risk, as defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Seismic analysis is essential to ensure buildings have the strength, flexibility, and ductility to withstand these forces.

2. Seismic Zones of India

• Zone II: Low-risk (MM Intensity ≤ 6)

• Zone III: Moderate-risk (Intensity 7)

• Zone IV: Severe-risk (Intensity 8)

• Zone V: Very severe-risk (Intensity ≥ 9)

Each zone covers different parts of the country, and construction practices must be adapted to the local risk level using seismic zone maps.

3. Impact on Multistorey Buildings

• Earthquake forces cause lateral movement and vibrations.

• Taller buildings experience greater sway and stress.

• Improper proximity between buildings can cause them to collide during tremors, leading to mutual damage.

• Codes like IS 4326 mandate separation gaps and expansion joints to prevent such failures.

4. Importance of Seismic Codes

Seismic design codes (e.g., IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920) guide safe design and detailing of structures to resist earthquake loads. These codes ensure structures survive moderate quakes with minimal damage and resist collapse in major ones.

5. Literature Review Highlights

Numerous researchers have analyzed multistorey buildings in various seismic zones using software like STAAD Pro and ETABS. Key findings include:

• Higher seismic zones demand more reinforcement, base shear capacity, and careful detailing.

• Dynamic analysis (like Response Spectrum or Time History methods) provides more accurate insights than static methods.

• Bracing systems and shear walls significantly improve seismic performance.

• Buildings on sloped terrain show different seismic behaviors and need special consideration.

• Code evolution (e.g., IS 1893:1984 vs. 2002) significantly changes seismic force estimates and design safety.

• Irregular structures (asymmetric layouts, floating columns) are more vulnerable and require special design attention.

6. Key Recommendations

• Structures must be designed per IS codes without deviation.

• Separation between adjacent buildings must account for dynamic displacements.

• Use of shear walls, base isolators, and ductile detailing is encouraged.

• Continuous inspection and certification at each construction stage are crucial.

Conclusion

Seismic analysis is crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of multistorey buildings in different seismic zones. The reviewed literature emphasizes that buildings located in higher seismic zones experience greater seismic forces, requiring more robust structural design strategies. Dynamic analysis methods such as Response Spectrum and Time History analysis provide more accurate results than static methods, particularly for taller and irregular structures. Future research must focus on advanced modeling techniques, consideration of soil-structure interaction, and performance-based design to enhance the resilience of multistorey buildings against seismic events.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Mr. Sachin Thengari , Mr. Laxmikant C. Tibude . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.