Co-Substitutional (Zn2+& Ti4+) Signature of TailoredMagnetic, Dielectric, and Luminescent in BaFe12O19 (Ba0.8Zn0.2Fe12O19& Ba0.8Ti0.2Fe12O19) Nano-Ceramic Oxide

Abstract

Magnetic & Dielectric Hexagonal Ceramic Oxides of Ba0.8Zn0.2Fe12O19& Ba0.8Ti0.2Fe12O19Nano-Ceramic Oxide have been synthesized using Auto-Combustion synthesis approach reported for influence of Di & tetra Valant Substitution (Zn2+& Ti4+) on magnetic,optical, luminescence and dielectric response.Diffraction peak positioned at 2? ~ 34.11 signature for crystallization of prepared Nano ceramic oxides in hexagonal crystal phase with space group P63/mmc No. 194 whereas microstructure reveals densification with least porosity and increased grain growth whereas crystallite size calculated using Debye Scherrer formula stamped for successful synthesis ofNano composites, respectively. S- shaped magnetic hysteresis loops with improved magnetic characteristic reveals direct influence of Zn2+& Ti4+substitution as compared to pure BaFe12O19 hexaferrite whereas low coercivity reveals soft ferrite nature (Temporary Magnet) suggesting that prepared solid solutions usefulness of in storage applications as well as for coils of transformers in electrical devices whereas square-ness ratio (Mr/Ms = >0.5 &< 1) shows multi-domain structure with presence of ferromagnetic ordering whereas change in value of magnetic moment (?B) reveals magnetic behavior resulted due to up & down spin of Fe3+ coupled at octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Shift in peak position in luminescent profile shows shifting in color emission whereas dielectric and conductivity spectroscopy shows that prepared Nano-Ceramic Oxide useful for Capacitive Applications

Introduction

This study investigates the structural, magnetic, dielectric, and luminescent properties of Zn²?- and Ti??-substituted barium hexaferrite (BaFe??O??) nano-ceramic oxides, focusing on the compositions Ba?.?Zn?.?Fe??O?? and Ba?.?Ti?.?Fe??O??. Ceramic oxides are valued for their high hardness, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and multifunctional properties, making them suitable for advanced applications in electronics, energy storage, sensors, microwave devices, electromagnetic shielding, and spintronics.

The research highlights that the magnetic and dielectric behavior of ceramic oxides is strongly influenced by crystal structure, grain size, defect chemistry, electron hopping between Fe²?/Fe³? ions, oxygen vacancies, and cation substitution. Introducing Zn²? and Ti?? ions modifies the crystal lattice, enhances magnetic–dielectric coupling, and improves multifunctional performance. Zn²? substitution tends to increase saturation magnetization by weakening antiferromagnetic interactions, while Ti?? creates oxygen vacancies and defect states that improve dielectric properties and visible photoluminescence.

The materials were synthesized using the auto-combustion method, with metal nitrates and citric acid as fuel, followed by calcination at 1000°C and sintering at 1200°C. Structural, magnetic, dielectric, and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with EDX (SEM–EDX), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), impedance analysis (LCR meter), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.

XRD analysis confirmed that both substituted samples retained the single-phase hexagonal M-type ferrite structure (space group P6?/mmc) without secondary phases. Slight shifts in diffraction peaks indicated lattice distortion caused by Zn²? and Ti?? substitution due to differences in ionic radii. The calculated lattice parameters showed only minor variations, while crystallite sizes remained in the nanometer range (approximately 91–102 nm). Substitution also influenced unit-cell volume, microstrain, and dislocation density, reflecting changes in crystal defects and lattice strain.

The study explains that nanoscale engineering enhances multifunctional behavior by increasing surface area, defect density, and lattice strain, resulting in improved magnetic, dielectric, and optical performance. Zn substitution is expected to enhance magnetic properties, whereas Ti substitution promotes dielectric polarization and visible photoluminescence through defect-mediated electronic transitions.

Overall, the results demonstrate that Zn²?- and Ti??-substituted BaFe??O?? nanoceramics are promising multifunctional materials combining magnetic, dielectric, and luminescent properties. Their improved structural and functional characteristics make them strong candidates for applications in microwave devices, magneto-dielectric components, magnetic recording, sensors, energy storage, spintronics, optoelectronics, photonics, and next-generation multifunctional electronic devices, particularly for operation in harsh environments.

Conclusion

In the current research work, Magnetic & Dielectric Hexagonal Ceramic Oxides of Ba0.8Zn0.2Fe12O19& Ba0.8Ti0.2Fe12O19have been synthesized using Auto-Combustion approach and characterize forstructural, microstructural, optical, luminescence, magnetic & dielectric properties. Diffraction peak positioned at 2? ~ 34.11 signature for crystallization of prepared Nano ceramic oxides in hexagonal crystal phase with space group P63/mmc No. 194withincreasing crystallite size from ~91 to 102 nm whereas porosity of ~ 3%. The increase of magnetic characteristic (Mr) reveals direct influence of Zn2+& Ti4+substitution as compared to pure BaFe12O19 hexaferrite due to increase of oxygen vacancies due to aliovalent substitution of Ti4+ as compared to Zn2+ at Ba2+ in BaFe12O19 hexaferrites. Square-ness ratio (Mr/Ms = >0.5 &< 1) shows multi-domain structure with presence of ferromagnetic ordering whereas change in value of magnetic moment (?B) reveals magnetic behavior resulted due to up & down spin of Fe3+ coupled at octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Broad peak in wavelength ranging from 375 to 475 nm strongly reveals presence of ferromagnetic oxide (BaFe12O19 in our prepared Magnetic & Dielectric Ceramics) whereas increased conductivity shows that prepared Nano-Ceramic Oxide useful for Capacitive Applications

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Mr. Ashwani, Mrs. Priyanka Sharma, Dr. Narendra Jakhar, Dr. Krishna Kumar Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.