Solar Powered Air Conditioner

Abstract

This project presents the design and implementation of a solar-powered air conditioning system using thermoelectric Peltier technology. The system is built around a 12V 20W solar panel that charges a 12V 12Ah lead-acid battery through a PWM-based solar charge controller. The stored power is used to run a cooling unit consisting of three TEC1-12706 Peltier modules housed inside a metal box. These modules create a temperature difference, producing a cold side for cooling and a hot side for heat dissipation. Air blower is used inside the box to circulate air across the cold surface, enhancing the cooling effect

Introduction

Objective:

To develop a compact, eco-friendly air conditioning system powered by solar energy using thermoelectric Peltier modules, eliminating the need for harmful refrigerants and compressors.

Key Features:

• Power Source: A 12V 20W solar panel charges a 12V 12Ah lead-acid battery through a PWM controller.

• Cooling Mechanism: Uses 3 TEC1-12706 Peltier modules to create a temperature differential. A 12V blower and a 4-inch DC fan help circulate cold air.

• Design: Compact, noiseless, and suitable for off-grid and personal cooling applications.

Main Components:

1. Solar Panel

2. Lead-Acid Battery

3. PWM Charge Controller

4. TEC1-12706 Peltier Modules

5. 12V Air Blower

6. 12V Heavy-Duty Fan

7. Cooling Fins, Heat Sink, and Metal Enclosure

Working Principle:

• Solar energy is converted to electricity and stored in a battery.

• Stored power runs Peltier modules, which cool one side while heating the other.

• A fan and blower help distribute the cool air and dissipate heat.

Merits:

• Eco-friendly, no refrigerants

• Low maintenance and quiet

• Suitable for remote/off-grid areas

• Cost-effective over time

• Scalable and portable

Demerits:

• Limited cooling capacity

• Dependent on sunlight availability

• Initial setup cost is relatively high

• Battery and panel maintenance required

Literature Survey:

Reviewed 14 prior studies emphasizing:

• The use of solar energy for cooling

• Thermoelectric and desiccant cooling systems

• Comparisons between conventional and renewable energy-based cooling systems

• Benefits of solar-powered air conditioning in developing and hot-climate regions

Conclusion

The solar-powered air conditioning system utilizing thermoelectric Peltier technology offers a sustainable, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly solution for personal cooling needs. By harnessing the power of the sun, it eliminates the need for traditional refrigerants and compressors, significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. This system is particularly ideal for small spaces, off-grid homes, and eco-conscious users looking to reduce their carbon footprint. While the system offers many advantages such as low maintenance, quiet operation, and portability, it is important to note its limitations, such as limited cooling capacity and dependency on sunlight. However, with the proper setup and efficient use of solar energy, this system proves to be a practical and effective alternative to conventional air conditioning systems. As renewable energy technology continues to evolve, solar-powered cooling solutions like this have the potential to become a staple in sustainable living, providing cooling solutions in areas with limited access to traditional power grids while supporting global efforts to reduce environmental impact.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Mrs. Kalaiselvi K, Sivasethu B, Mouliprasath K, Narendra D, Ranjith M. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.