A Comprehensive Review on Solar PV Based Microgrid System for Sustainable Power Supply in Commercial Buildings

Abstract

Commercial buildings can now become “prosumers” that produce electricity through PV technology, and has come to function with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an energy management tool. The advances in these technologies enable commercial buildings to maximize their energy use and to reduce their costs. This study introduces a new energy scheduling for cost decentralized energy management of Smart commercial building. The need of demand response (DR) drivers and strategies that let operators react in real time to energy resource costs is described as the need for real-time pricing (RTP). The group teaching optimization algorithm (GTOA) is applied to optimize scheduling process, ensuring the efficiency of energy resources allocation to meet the energy demand, and maximizing the utilization of renewable energy resources. The simulation results indicated that the proposed approach significantly helps to reduce electricity cost, reduce the dependence on the energy provided by the utility companies during peak energy hours, and improve the overall energy efficiency of energy intensive commercial buildings. The conclusions highlight the energy scheduling approach enabled by DR, which can be useful for achieving greater cost savings and encouraging more sustainable energy use in smart commercial buildings.

Introduction

This study focuses on solar photovoltaic (PV)-based microgrids for commercial buildings, integrating solar energy generation, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and Energy Management Systems (EMS) to create efficient, reliable, and sustainable power systems. These microgrids can operate either connected to the main grid or independently in island mode, making them useful for improving energy access, reducing fossil fuel dependence, and enhancing energy resilience, especially in rural and developing regions.

The literature review highlights that effective microgrid performance depends on advanced EMS strategies, optimized control methods, and proper integration of renewable sources like solar PV and storage technologies. Research shows that BESS plays a key role in stabilizing power supply, managing intermittency, and improving power quality. Studies on system optimization also emphasize reducing cost and carbon emissions through intelligent energy scheduling, optimal sizing, and efficient power distribution.

However, several challenges remain. Existing systems often focus on single-source PV integration rather than full integrated EMS frameworks. Performance of MPPT techniques reduces under changing weather and partial shading conditions. There is also limited work on real-time load classification, energy sharing between buildings, and IoT-based intelligent energy control systems.

The proposed methodology addresses these issues by using solar PV microgrids with battery storage and EMS for commercial buildings. Since commercial facilities have high energy demands (HVAC, lighting, elevators, IT systems), relying solely on the grid leads to high costs and carbon emissions. A microgrid-based approach enables local generation, storage, and optimized load management, improving efficiency, reducing losses, and ensuring reliable power supply even during grid outages.

Conclusion

Microgrids with solar PV can make commercial buildings more secure with energy supplies, more cost-effective with electricity bills and less carbon-laden with emissions, and are a very effective, sustainable, reliable solution to these problems. These solutions optimize rooftop space for diurnal demand, allow them to reduce the stress on the central power grid, limit peak demands and supply power in off-grid periods, while simultaneously offering integration with storage solutions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) based microgrid systems are gaining in significance as an energy solution for commercial building\'s energy demand. Combining renewables with Energy Management Systems (EMS) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) simplifies energy reliability, energy efficiency and energy sustainability. There is evidence from the literature of the important role that advanced EMS strategies will have in the optimization of power flow performance, in balancing supply and demand, as well as in stabilizing the operation in grid-connected and standalone modes. Technique Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) shows significant improvement in the extraction of solar energy, especially in different environmental conditions.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Mr. V B Tandekar, Dr. Pratik Guthake. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.