System to Manage Renewable Sustainable Sources more Efficiently

Abstract

This paper presents a renewable energy harvesting and monitoring system developed using an Arduino microcontroller. The system combines two energy sources: a solar panel and a linear electromagnetic generator. The harvested energy is stored in a 12V battery through a charge controller, with intermediate stages such as a capacitor bank and energy conversion components. Real-time monitoring of voltage and current is achieved using sensors, and the data is displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. The system also integrates IoT features for current and voltage tracking. Designed to be simple, cost-effective, and educational, it serves as a practical model for small-scale renewable applications .The project highlights hands-on implementation of energy conversion and monitoring techniques, aiming to build a foundational understanding of sustainable energy systems. It also provides flexibility for future expansion, making it a strong base for research-oriented improvements and real-world applications in the field of renewable energy.

Introduction

???? Project Overview

This study presents a renewable energy harvesting and monitoring system that combines solar energy and a Linear Electromagnetic Generator (LEG) to produce electricity. The system is designed to:

• Harvest energy from multiple renewable sources

• Monitor voltage and current in real time

• Store energy efficiently in a 12V battery

• Support remote IoT-based tracking

• Serve as a cost-effective educational tool

The system uses an Arduino microcontroller to manage data collection, processing, and control, with real-time data displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen.

???? Key Features

• Dual Energy Sources: Solar + LEG ensures more reliable energy generation.

• IoT Integration: Enables remote voltage/current monitoring.

• Real-Time Display: LCD provides on-site system status and data.

• Inverter Output: Converts stored DC power to 220–230V AC for practical use.

• Compact and Modular Design: Easy to assemble, educational, and scalable.

???? Literature Survey Highlights

1. Patil et al.: Emphasized IoT + Arduino for solar energy monitoring; proposed predictive maintenance via AI.

2. Choi et al.: Used LoRa for wide-area, low-cost renewable monitoring (e.g., rural microgrids).

3. Kabalci et al.: Hybrid system using solar and wind, with real-time monitoring and GSM integration.

4. Zhiyang Song et al.: Designed a GPRS-based solar monitoring system with a multi-layer architecture and real-time feedback.

These studies inspired the combination of hybrid energy inputs, real-time feedback, and remote monitoring in the proposed system.

???? System Components & Architecture

1. LEG: Converts mechanical motion to AC power.

2. Solar Panel: Converts sunlight to DC power.

3. Energy Harvesting Module: Rectifies and stabilizes LEG output.

4. Capacitor Bank: Temporarily stores energy, smooths out voltage.

5. Voltage Regulation: Ensures stable 12V output for battery.

6. 12V Battery: Stores energy for consistent supply.

7. Sensors: Measure voltage and current at multiple stages.

8. Arduino Uno: Processes data, controls relays, drives the display.

9. Relay Module: Switches loads based on safety thresholds.

10. LCD Display: Shows real-time readings (voltage, current, battery level).

11. Inverter: Converts 12V DC to 220–230V AC output.

12. AC Output: Final usable energy for appliances.

?? Methodology

• The LEG harvests mechanical energy (e.g., vibration).

• Solar panel supplies daytime energy.

• Both feed into a capacitor bank after rectification and filtering.

• Power is regulated to 12V and stored in a DC battery.

• An inverter makes the stored energy usable for AC loads.

• Sensors and Arduino track and control operations in real-time.

• A relay ensures load safety and prevents battery damage.

???? Results & Discussion

• The system accurately tracks and responds to variations in energy input and load.

• Real-time monitoring effectively detects voltage surges or abnormal current.

• Energy from both sources was efficiently harvested and stored.

• The system reliably powered loads while maintaining safe voltage levels.

Conclusion

This paper presents an efficient and cost-effective solution for managing renewable sustainable energy using an Arduino-based hybrid system. The integration of solar and linear electromagnetic sources allows continuous and dual-mode energy harvesting, enhancing reliability and energy availability. Real-time monitoring using voltage and current sensors provides accurate data visualization through a display, helping users to track performance easily. The use of affordable and widely available components such as Arduino, sensors, and relays ensures the system’s practicality, scalability, and accessibility for small-scale applications. Overall, the proposed system not only promotes clean energy utilization but also increases efficiency, supports sustainability, and lays a solid foundation for future upgrades like smart energy management and remote monitoring.

References

[1] S. Kumar, R. Mehta, and A. Sharma, “Design and implementation of a dual-source renewable energy harvesting system using Arduino,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 842–850, Jul. 2020. [2] P. Verma, M. Singh, and N. R. Patel, “Real-time monitoring of hybrid renewable systems using low-cost microcontrollers,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 120103–120112, Aug. 2020. [3] T. Roy and S. Banerjee, “Arduino-based solar power monitoring and management system,” IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 45–53, Jan. 2020. [4] R. Ahmed, M. A. Hossain, and S. K. Das, “Current and voltage sensing in renewable energy systems using low-cost sensors,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1807–1814, Mar. 2019. [5] J. D. Cruz, A. B. Singh, and H. T. Patel, “Design of a smart energy monitoring system using Arduino and IoT for microgrids,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 7401–7410, May 2022.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Mudassir Ansari, Dhru Parave, Sushant Sakpal, Sanskar Gade, Mahadeo Narlawar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.