Terpenoids Associating Medicinal Plants and Its Values in Pharmacognosy: An Overview

Authors: Somenath Bhattacharya, Soumallya Chakraborty

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.67075

Abstract

Terpenoids are important chemical constituents of medicinal plant. These are basically hydrocarbons. This type of constituent is usually found in many pants like Dill, Caraway, Fennel, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Tulsi, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Ajowan, Coriander, Cardamom, etc across the World. Various types of terpenoids like Myrene, Ocimene, Nneral, Geranial, Nerol, Geraniol, Phellandral, Perillaldehyde, Santonin, Cadalene, Manool, Lanosterol, Squalene, Lupeol, Betulin, etc are observed in various plants. These constituents can be used carminative, stimulant, flavoring agent, anthelmintics, expectorant, antiseptic, rubefacient, antispasmodic agent, etc. Terpenoids are found in India, China, Europes, USA, Japan, Russia, Indonesia, Caribbean islands, etc. This review article deals with the classifications of terpenoids and role of medicinal plants with terpenoids in details.

Introduction

Terpenoids are present in many species of plants like Dill, Caraway, Cardamom, Fennel, Ajowan, Nutmeg, Black Pepper, Tulsi, Cinnamon, Coriander, Clove, etc across the different parts of World like Asia, Europe, USA, etc. Chemically it is hydrocarbon in where it should follow the isoprene unit rule (C5H8). It is identified by Sudan III chemical in where plant drug is treated with alcoholic Sudan III. Red color shows the presence of volatile oils in terpenoids. Terpenoids are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents. These are colorless solid or liquid with a pleasant, aromaticand characteristic odor. It has optical activity. The terpenoids are having the portions of terpenes, ketones, alcohols, acids, aldehydes and esters. Terpenoids are oxidized easily. It also can be identified by treating the plant part with tincture alkane drop and showing red color. Red color indicates the presence of volatile oils. Different types of family members like Umbelliferae, Liliaceae, Labiatae, Lauraceae, Zingiberaceae, Rutaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, etc are observed among the plants belonging from terpenoids. Chemical constituents like Nerol, Phellandral, Geraniol, Betulin, Manool, Lupeol, etc are showing different activities like anthelmintics, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, expectorant, flavoring agent, rubefacient, etc. Terpenoids are present in volatile oil. [1-3].

CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENES

The classification of terpenes is given in the following table 1.

Table 1: Descriptions of Terpenoids[1, 3-4]

Sl. No.	Types	Molecular Formula	No. of Carbon Atoms	No. of Hydrogen Atoms	No. of Isoprene Units
1	Hemiterpene	C5H8	5	8	1
2	Monoterpene	C10H16	10	16	2
3	Sesquiterpene	C15H24	15	24	3
4	Diterpene	C20H32	20	32	4
5	Sesterterpenes	C25H40	25	40	5
6	Triterpenes	C30H48	30	48	6
7	Tetraterpenes	C40H64	40	64	8
8	Pentaterpenes	C50H80	50	80	10
9	Polyterpenes	(C5H8)n	>50	>80	n

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TERPENOIDS

The chemical constituents of terpenoidsare given in the following table 2.

Table 2: Chemical Constituents of Terpenoids [1, 3-8]

Sl. No.	Terpenes	Sub-divisons	Chemical Constituents
1	Monoterpenes	Acyclic Monoterpenes	Myrcene, Nerol
1	Monoterpenes	Monocyclic Monoterpenes	Menthol, Phellandral
2	Sesquiterpenes	Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes	Zingiberene
2	Sesquiterpenes	Bicyclic Sesquiterpenes	Cadalene, Santonin
3	Diterpene	Acyclic Diterpenes	Phytol
		Monocyclic Diterpenes	Vitamin A1
		Bicyclic Diterpenes	Manool
		Tricyclic Diterpenes	Abietic Acid, Podocarpic Acid
4	Triterpenes	Acyclic Triterpenes	Squalene
		Tetracyclic Triterpenes	Agnosterol, Lanosterol
		Pentacyclic Triterpenes	Asiatic Acid, Ursolic Acid, Glycyrrhetic Acid, Betulin, Lupeol

ALLOCATIONOF TERPENOIDSALONG WITH MEDICINAL PLANTS

Table 3: Medicinal Plants with Terpenoids in Details

Sl. No.	Plant Name	Scientific Name	Family Name	Parts Used	Chemical Constituents	Uses	References
1	Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Coriandrol, Geraniol, Pinene, L-borneol	Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Flavoring agent	[1, 9-10]
2	Dill	Anethum graveolens	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Carvone, D-limonene, Dihydrocarvone, Phellandrene	Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Also used in gastric problems	[1, 11-12]
3	Ajowan	Trachyspermum ammi	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Thymol, Pinene, p-cymene	Carminative, Stimulant, Antispasmodic, Antiseptic, Insecticide, Antifungal, Anthelmintic, Flavoring agent Also used in bronchitis	[1, 13-14]
4	Fennel	Foeniculum vulgare	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Anethole, Fenchone, Phellandrene, Limonene, Methyl chavicol	Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Flavoring agent, Expectorant	[1, 15-16]
5	Cardamom	Elettaria cardamomum	Zingiberaceae	Dried ripe fruits	Borneol, α-terpineol, Cineole	Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Flavoring agent	[1, 17-18]
6	Caraway	Carum carvi	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Carvacrol, Carvone, Limonene, Dihydro carvone	Carminative, Flavoring agent, Stimulant, Aromatic, Spice	[1, 19-20]
7	Spearmint	Mentha spicata	Labiatae	Dried leaves and flowering tops	Pinene, Phellandrene, Cineole, Linalool, l-carvone	Carminative, Flavoring agent	[1, 21-22]
8	Nutmeg	Myristica fragrans	Myristicaceae	Dried kernels from the seeds	Saffrole, Elimicin, Myristicin, Geraniol, d-camphene	Carminative, Flavoring agent, Stimulant, Aromatic	[1, 23-24]
9	Anise	Pimpinella anisum	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Anisaldehyde, Chavicol, Methyl chavicol	Carminative, Expectorant, Stimulant, Flavoring agent, Used in production of dentifrices	[1, 25-26]
10	Celery	Apium graveolens	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	d-limonene, d-selinine, sedanolide, sedanoic acid	Carminative, Stimulant, Tonic, Sedative, Flavoring agent, also used for the treatment of rheumatism	[1, 27]
11	Black Pepper	Piper nigrum	Piperaceae	Dried unripe fruit	Piperine, Piperidine, Caryophyllene, l-phellandrene	Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Stomachic, Spice	[1, 28-30]
12	Cumin	Cuminum cyminum	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruits	Cuminaldehyde, Pinene, Hydrocuminine, Cuminic alcohol, Phellandrene	Carminative, Stimulant, Used in the treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhoea	[1, 31-32]
13	Tulsi	Ocimum Sanctum	Lamiaceae	Fresh as well as dried leaves	Eugenol, Ccarvacrol, Methyl eugenol, Caryophylline	Antibacterial, Spasmolytic, Stimulant, Insecticidal, Expectorant, Aromatic, Anti-inflammatory, Stomachic	[1, 33-36]
14	Rasna	Alpinia officinarum	Zingiberaceae	Dried rhizomes	Pinene, Cineole, Alpinol, Galangol, Dioxyflavnol, Galangin	Antibacterial, Aromatic, Carminative, Stimulant, Anti-rheumatic	[1, 37-38]
15	Shati	Hedychium spicatum	Zingiberaceae	Dried rhizomes (sliced)	8-caryophyllene, Cineole, Limonene	Stomachic, Carminative, Stimulant, Tonic, Aromatic	[1, 39-42]
16	Garlic	Allium sativum	Liliaceae	Bulb	Allicin, Alliin	Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Stimulant, Expectorant, Anti-dysentery, Antibacterial, Condiment, Anthelmintics, Disinfectant, Rubefacient	[1, 43-44]
17	Arnica	Arnica montana	Compositae	Dried flowering tops and heads	Helenalin, Arnifolin, Epoxyhelanalin, 13-dehydrohelenalin	Cosmetic, Anti-rheumatic, Anthelmintics, Antitumor, Antihyperlipidemic, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory	[1, 45-46]
18	Jatamansi	Nardostachys jatamansi	Valerianaceae	Dried rhizomes	Nardostachone, Jatamansone	Antispasmodic, Sedative, Diuretic, Stomachic, Emmenagogue, Stimulant, Anti-epileptic, Anti-arrhythmic, Flavoring agent, Hair tonic	[1, 47-48]
19	Cinnamon	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Lauraceae	Dried inner bark of the shoot	Eugenol, Caryophyllene, Cymene, Pinene, Phellandrene	Carminative, Mild astringent, Stomachic, Antiseptic, Aromatic, Stimulant, Condiment, Spice, Also used in the preparation of perfumes and dentifrices	[1, 49-50]
20	Clove	Eugenia caryophyllus	Myrtaceae	Dried flower buds	Eugenol, Caryophyllenes	Carminative, Flavoring agent, Stimulant, Antiseptic, Dental analgesic, Aromatic	[1, 51-52]
21	Crocus	Crocus sativus	Iridaceae	Dried stigmas	Crocetin, Picrocrocin	Antispasmodic, Stimulant, Emmenagogue, Coloring gent, Flavoring agent	[1, 53-54]
22	Annatto	Bixa orellana	Bixaceae	Dried seeds	Bixin	Antioxidant	[1, 55-56]
23	Valerian	Valeriana wallichii	Valerianaceae	Dried rhizomes and roots	Valeric acid, Valtrate, Camphene, Borneol acetate, Valerenic acid	Antispasmodic, Carminative, Stimulant, Antidepressant, Tonic	[1, 57]
24	Cubeb	Piper cubeba	Piperaceae	Dried unripe fruits	Cubebin, Cubebic acid Cadinene	Aromatic, Stimulant, Antiseptic, Used in urinary and cough treatment	[1, 58]
25	Saussurea	Saussurea lappa	Compositae	Dried roots	Camphene, Dihydrolactone, Costuslactone	Expectorant and used for the treatment of asthma	[1, 59-60]
26	Acorus	Acorus calamus	Araceae	Dried rhizomes	Eugenol, Asarone, Acorine, Asaraldehyde	Carminative, Vermifuge, Stimulant, Insect repellant, Flavoring agent, Sedative, Antidepressant, Antiepileptic	[1, 61-63]
27	Feverfew	Tanacetum parthenium	Asteraceae	Dried as well as fresh leaves	Camphor, Borneol, Farnesene, Partholide, Chrysanthemolide, Chrysanthemonin, Parthenolide, Chrysanthemin A, Chrysanthemin B	Used for the treatment of arthritis, migraine, fever, vertigo	[1, 64-67]
28	Coleus	Coleus forskohlii	Labiatae	Roots	Forskolin, Deoxycoleonol, Coleonol B, Coleonol C, Coleon F, Coleon E	Vasodilator, Used in high blood pressure and glaucoma treatment	[1, 68]
29	Vidang	Embelia ribes	Myrsinaceae	Dried fruits	Vilangin, Embelin	Carminative, Astringent, Anthelmintics, Stimulant	[1, 69-70]
30	Bitter Orange Peel	Citrus aurantium	Rutaceae	Dried as well as fresh ripe fruits outer part (Pericarp)	Limonene, Citronellal, Citral	Carminative, Aromatic, Stomachic, Flavoring agent, Perfuming agent, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial	[1, 71-72]
31	Rosemary Oil	Rosmarinus officinalis	Labiatae	Fresh flowering tops	Borneol, Camphor, Pinene, d-camphene	Carminative, Flavoring agent, Stimulant, Refrigerant, Natural insecticides	[1, 73-76]
32	Oil of Vetiver	Vetiveria zizanioides	Gramineae	Roots	Vetiverol, Vetivenol, α-vetivone, β-vetivone	Flavoring agent, Aromatic, Stimulant, Refrigerant, Stomachic, Antibacterial	[1, 77-78]
33	Hops	Humulus lupulus	Canniabinaceae	Dried female flowers	Lupulone, Humulone	Spasmolytic, Sedative	[1, 79-81]
34	Artemisia	Artemisia annua	Asteraceae	Herb	Caryophyllene, Camphor, Myrcene, Artemisinin, Arteether, Artemisinic acid, Arteannuin B	Anti-malarial, Antioxidant	[1, 82-83]
35	Oil of Sandal Wood	Santalum album	Santalaceae	Heart wood	β-santalol, Santenone, Santene, Santalene, Santalone	Used for the treatment of dysurea	[1, 84-86]
36	Davana Oil	Artemisia pallens	Compositae	Flowering herbs	Davanone, Cineol, Geraniol, Borneol, Eugenol, Linalool	Flavoring agent, Perfuming gent, Anti-diabetic, Anti-helmintic, Antipyretic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Used to treat wound healing, Immuno-modulator	[1, 87-88]
37	Citronella Oil	Cymbopogon nardus	Graminae	Fresh leaves	Citronellal, Geraniol, d-camphene, Borneol, Methyl eugenol, Linalool, Limonene, Elmicin, Cadinene	Flavoring agent, Perfuming agent, Used in mosquito repellant cream	[1, 89]
38	Lavender Oil	Lavandula officinalis	Labiatae	Fresh flowering tops	Linalool, Geraniol, Pinene, Cineol, Linalyl acetate	Carminative, Aromatic, Flavoring agent, Perfuming agent, Antibacterial	[1, 90]
39	Palmarosa Oil	Cymbopogon martini	Graminae	Fresh leaves with tops	Geraniol, Linalool, Citronellal	Perfuming agent, Insect repellant, Anti-rheumatic, Bronchodilator, Vasodilator, Spasmolytic	[1, 91-92]
40	Gaultheria Oil	Gaultheria procumbens	Ericaceae	Leaves	Gaultherin	Vermicide, Anti-rheumatic, Flavoring agent, Perfuming agent, Antibacterial, Antioxidant	[1, 93-94]
41	Peppermint Oil	Mentha piperita	Labiatae	Fresh flowering tops and leaves	l-limonene, Cineole, Pinene, Isopulegone, Camphene, Menthone, Pulegone, Menthofuran	Antiseptic, Carminative, Flavoring agent, Stimulant	[1, 95-96]
42	Lemon Grass Oil	Cymbopogon flexuausus	Graminae	Leaves with aerial parts	Citronellal, Citral, Nerol, Geraniol, Methylheptenol	Flavoring agent, Perfuming agent	[1, 97]
43	Geranium Oil	Pelargonium graveolens	Geraniaceae	Fresh stems and leaves	Geraniol, β-citronellol	Flavoring agent	[1, 98]
44	Camphor Oil	Cinnamomum camphora	Lauraceae	Wood	d-pinene, Camphor, Eucalyptol, Cineole, Eugenol, Phellandrene	Flavoring agent, Rubefacient, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant	[1, 99-101]
45	Eucalyptus Oil	Eucalyptus globulus	Myrtaceae	Fresh leaves	Eucalyptol, Geranyl acetate, Pinene, Cineole, Phellandrene, Citronellal, Camphene, Pinene	Expectorant, Antiseptics, Used for the treatment of bronchitis and cough	[1, 102-103]
46	Chenopodium Oil	Chenopodium ambrosioides	Chenopodiaceae	Fresh flower, leaves, roots and fruit	Ascaridole, Cymene, l-limonene, Myrcene, Camphor	Anthelmintics, Antifungal, Antioxidant, Anti-malarial, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory	[1, 104-112]

Conclusion

Lots of chemical constituents are present in medicinal plants to show different pharmacological activities. Terpenoids are important constituents among all of constituents. Different types of terpenoids like Geraniol, Nerol, Phellandral, Manool, Lupeol, etc, are showing different roles like anthelmintics, antispasmodic, carminatives, antiseptics, expectorant, etc. The terpenoid plant name like Dill, Caraway, Cardamom, Fennel, Ajowan, Corainder, etc from different plant families like Umbelliferae, Liliaceae, Lauraceae, Zingiberaceae, Rutaceae, Myristicaceae, Labiatae, Myrtaceae, Santalaceae,Piperaceae, etc, are present in all over the world. Presently different research activities are continuing in this topic to show important and newer cum potent pharmacological activities from terpenoids. In near future, we hope that terpenoids may be a promising target for treating so many diseases and problems across the World.

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