Use of Outriggers in Tall Structure Building: A Review

Abstract

The rising demand for high-rise and aesthetically captivating structures with vertical and horizontal irregularities, unique architectural themes, and increasing heights has introduced new challenges and necessitated the implementation of advanced safety measures. To resist earthquakes and the significant impact of wind caused by increasing building height, preventive structural systems need to be adopted, as the stiffness of the structure increases with its tallness. Bracings, shear walls, and outrigger systems are some of the structural mechanisms used for stability. In this study, the outrigger system is analyzed, as it is considered the most optimal solution for high-rise buildings and skyscrapers. In this system the external columns are connected to main inner or outer core by means of outrigger wall at different floors that resist entire structure against collapse and rotating action of core due to worst horizontal effects seismic and wind forces. In this study various papers allied to this topic are reviewed in which an enormous work is done in this field earlier. With the help of review of research paper we came to know about the conclusive outcome which forms the research objectives of our further study.

Introduction

Tall structures (high-rise/skyscrapers) are built to accommodate dense urban populations and commercial needs but face challenges like structural instability, wind, seismic forces, and fire hazards. Advances in materials, structural systems, and sustainable design have improved their safety and resilience. Among structural systems, the outrigger system is widely used to enhance stability by connecting the building’s core to outer columns, reducing lateral deflections and improving stiffness, often combined with dampers for vibration control. This system also allows for more open interior spaces and flexible architecture.

The literature review covers numerous studies analyzing outrigger systems and other lateral load-resisting mechanisms using software like ETABS and Staad Pro. Key findings include:

• Optimal outrigger placement (often around mid-height) greatly improves performance under wind and seismic loads.

• Different outrigger configurations (X, V, inverted V, shear walls with belts) affect building responses; the inverted V and shear wall belts tend to perform best.

• Addressing construction issues like differential shortening in outriggers is critical.

• Terrain and local seismic/wind conditions strongly influence structural responses.

• Comparative studies of bracing, diagrid, and outrigger systems show outriggers often provide superior lateral stability.

• High-rise buildings in seismic zones benefit significantly from outriggers combined with wall belts or trusses.

• Studies also explore the impact of concrete grades and irregular building shapes on system effectiveness.

• Research emphasizes ongoing optimization of outrigger placement and configuration to maximize safety, stiffness, and occupant comfort.

• The outrigger system remains a cost-effective, adaptable, and essential technology for modern supertall buildings worldwide.

Conclusion

It seems that there is a research gap in the literature regarding the different analysis and design work done previously on seismic method of analysis, Gust factor method of wind analysis and analysis of Tall structure building. Based on the literature review, we have reached a conclusion that highlights the key findings of the research and lists the necessary outcomes: 1) It is essential to compare the Gust factor of wind analysis with response method of seismic analysis. 2) Conducting a study on comparison over Tall structurewith Outrigger system. 3) It is important to use recommend the recommendations followed by IS 1896:2016 for seismic analysis and IS 875 part III for wind analysis of the structure over medium soil conditions. 4) To ensure accuracy in the analysis, it is recommended to use outrigger for increasing stability with different cases and its usage over different floor levels. 5) Different parameters such as Displacements, Base shear, Axial Forces, Bending moments and Shear forces since these parameters should be necessary to determine the behavior of a building structure. The primary objective of this study is to determine the further research needed to investigate the comparative effect of gust factor method and seismic analysis that justify the impact of use of outrigger on tall structure building to see the behavior of the structural performance that has going to be a major study for upcoming proposed work.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Sagar Jain, Dr. Savita Maru. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.