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Ijraset Journal For Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

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Review on Validation Preclinical and Traditional Claims of Allium cepa for Recent Clinical Use

Authors: Manoj S. Khandre, Mahavir H. Ghante, Soni P. Dake, Ansari ab Azeem, Pavan P. Kondewad

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54045

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Abstract

Allium cepa, an annual herb (onion). Its Latin name is Allium cepa, and it is a member of the Liliaceae family. It is referred to as Pyaj in Hindi. A versatile food plant called an onion is used to make traditional Indian spices. It has long been utilised for nutritional and physiological benefits and is highly significant to human health. India is the world\'s second-largest producer and exporter of onions. It also has flavonoids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, as well as some substances that contain sulphur. As a therapeutic agent, it aids in the treatment (reduction) of conditions like high cholesterol, diabetes, joint problems, digestive problems, appetite loss, gallbladder diseases, angina pectoris, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, sore throat, asthma, bronchitis, cough, intestinal gas, and intestinal worms. Numerous biological effects, including anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, antihypertensive, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, anti-bacterial, bronchodilator, expectorant, antispasmodic, antiseptic, carminative, anti-coagulant, fibrinolytic, anti-helminthic, anti-platelet, hepatoprotective.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The onion, Allium cepa L., is a versatile food plant and a long-used spice with significant health benefits. When diced, onions have a strong flavour and contain chemicals that can irritate the eyes. [1]

Due to their association with numerous pharmacological effects, onions and other plants in the Allium genus have historically been used as herbal remedies for a variety of diseases.

This practise dates back to ancient times, when (Allium cepa, L.) Have been an important dietary resource and have also been of interest for medical purposes. [2]

The consumption of onions is said to provide both nutritional and health benefits. Known as the "Queen of the kitchen," they have flavour, scent, a unique taste, and therapeutic characteristics.

A large genus with 4000 species, Allium. [3,4] Other names for Allium cepa include Onion in English, Vaengayam in Tamil, Savala in Malayalam, Ullipayalu in Telugu, Ulligadde in Kannada, Payaz in Hindi and Punjabi, piyaz in Bengali, Dungri in Gujarati, Sawalo in Konkani, Kandaa in Marathi, and piaja in Oriya [5].

Onions require specific conditions for the best growth, including stone-free, loamy, sunlight, excellent drainage, well-irrigated soil [6] with significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required for maximum yield [7].

 A. Cepa contains sugar, carbohydrates, water, proteins, vitamins, fibre, potassium, vitamin C, B6, and trace amounts of the mineral schromium.

Variety, sulphate fertility in soil, water supply, which plays a key role in determining pungency and flavour, storage, environmental conditions, and flavour of it is due to sulphur compounds developing throughout the season, growth of onion under dry conditions will increases nutritional value can vary with temperature, which plays an important role in onion development as in hotter conditions more sulphur and pungent flavour will be produced[8].

A. Taxonomical Classification Of Allium Cepa

Table no. 1 Taxonomical classification

1

Scientific Name

Allium cepa L.

2

Kingdom

Plantae

3

Division

Magnoliophyta

4

Class

Liliopsida

5

Order

Asparagales

7

Genus

Allium

8

Species

Allium cepa

9

Edible parts

Leaves, flowers, seed, root

B. Organoleptic Properties[9,10].

Colour                  -               Red

Odour                   -              Strong, cutting the bulb stimulates lachrymation.

 Characteristic      -              Alliaceous

Taste                     -              Spicy

C. Nutritional Value of Onion Values per 100 gm Edible Portion

Table no. 2 Nutritional value of onion

Moisture

86.6%

Calcium

47mg

Protein

1.2%

Phosphorous

50mg

Fats

0.1%

Iron

0.7mg

Minerals

0.6%

Vitamins c

11mg

Fibre

0.4%

Carbohydrates

11.1%

D. General Phytochemicals Present In Plant Are Following

Table no. 3 Phytochemicals

Sr. No

Class

Phytoconstituents

1

Carbohydrates

Inulin, fructooligosacharides isorhamnetin-4-glucoside, galactose, glucose and

mannose

2

phytoestrogens

coumestrol, zearalenol, isoflavones and humulone

3

essential oils

protocatechnic acid, thiocyanate

4

Vitamins

Vit A, B complex, C and E

5

minerals

selenium, phosphorus, iron, calcium and chromium)

6

flavonoids

quercetin,    apigenin,    rutin,    myricetin,    kaempferol,    catechin, resveratrol,

epigallocatechol-3-gallate, luteolin and genistein

 

 

7

 

Oganosulfuric compounds

thiosulphinates, cepaenes, cysteine, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, diallyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl propyl disulfide, gammaL-glutamyl-trans-S-1-propenyl- L-cysteine sulfoxide, S-propenyl cysteine sulfoxide, S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides

and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide)

8

allicin

Diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide and ajoene

9

phenolic compounds

phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acid

10

Lipophilicantioxidant

Dialkyl disulfides

 

 

 

Sr.

No.

 

 

Isolated Phyto

 

 

Chem ID (pub chem)

 

 

Plant Part

 

 

Extract/ fraction method

 

 

Traditional use

Pharmacological activity

 

 

MOA

 

 

Ref.

 

Pre-clinical

FLAVONOIDS

 

1

Fistein(3,7,3,4

-tetrahydroxy flavone

 

5281614

 

Bulb

 

Ethanolic#

 

inflammation

 

Anticancer

Inhibitory activity in B 16 melanoma cells (melanin)

Battagani deepthi et.al.2021

 

 

2

 

1)Quercetin-4- glucosides and 2)isorhamnetin-4 glucoside

 

 

5320844,44259381

 

 

Peel

 

 

Ethanol #

 

 

Heart disease

 

 

Neuroprotective

 

 

AChE inhibitory activity

 

 

Manoj Kumar.et.al 2021

 

3

1) Flavones

 

2 flavonols

 

597962, 11349

 

Bulb

 

Methanol#

 

Malaria, tumor

 

Hypo-glycaemic & Antidiabetic

 

 

A.Airaodion.et. al.2020

 

 

4

1)Epicatechin, 2)morin

,3)catechin, 4)Myricetin

,5)kaempferol

 

 

72276, 5281670

 

 

Peel

 

Ethanol, Methanol,# Aqueous extract

 

 

Reduce blood glucose

 

 

Anticancer

 

Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells

 

 

Manoj Kumar.et.al 2021

 

5

 

1)Quercetin

 

5280343

 

Peel

 

Ethanol#

 

Viral infection

 

Anti-obesity, cardioprotective

Triglyceride was reduced due to OPE upregulated the mRNA levels of (CPT-1a) & FABP4

 

Manoj Kumar.et.al 2021

 

 

6

 

  1. quercetin
  2. isorhamnetin

 

 

5280343,5281654

 

 

Seed

 

 

Methanol #

 

Hydroalcoholic , ethanol , maceration

 

 

antihypertensive

prevent angiotensin-?- induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the overexpression of

p47phox

 

 

M Kazem

 

7

 

1)querectin

 

5280343

 

Bulb

 

Methanol

 

Viral infection

 

Anti-spasmodic and anti- diarrheal effects*

 

 

F. Kianian. Et.al 2020

 

 

8

 

  1. Quercetin,
  2. Kaempferol

 

5280343,

5280863

 

Root

 

Methanol

 

Inflammation , protect the liver

 

Anti-asthma effects*

 

Decreased nasal secretions and edema

 

F. Kianian. Et.al 2020

 

 

9

 

 

1)Quercetin

 

 

5280343

 

Bulb Juice

 

 

Methanol

 

 

Viral infection

 

 

Urogenital system*

 

Decreased cellular proliferation, inflammation and apoptosis in atypical prostatic hyperplasia

 

F.Kianian. Et.al 2020

 

10

1)flavonols – 2)querectin and

3) kaempferol

 

528063,5280343,

5280863

 

Bulb

 

ethanol

 

Prevent metabolic disease

 

Anti-allergenic

 

 

K p greeshma.et.al 2020

 

 

11

 

 

1) quercetin

 

 

5280343

 

 

Peel

 

 

Aqueous

 

Viral infection

 

 

Anti-platelet

upregulation of cAMP levels and the reduction of TXA2, Ca2+,

cyclooxygenase-1 (COX- 1),

 

arka jyoti Chakraborty.et.al 2022

12

Quercetin

5280343

Leaves

Hydroalcoholic

 

Anti-obesity

Pancreatic lipase inhibition

Kim .H,Y 2005

PHENOL

 

13

 

1) Anthocyaninis , 2)phenolic acid

 

145858,

 

Bulb

 

Methanol ,ethanol

Anti-diabetic, obesity

antibacterial

 

Inhibited by Listeria monocytogenes organism

 

Santas et al.2010

 

14

 

1)Methyl-4hydroxyl cinnamate

 

5319562

 

Bulb

 

Ethanol #

 

Fungal infection, inflammation

 

Cancer preventive

 

Reduce murine hepatoma (heap c1c7) cells

Joaheer d.teshika.et.al 2018

ORGANOSULPHUR COMPOUND

 

 

15

 

  1. S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide,
  2. S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide

 

 

115015,121922

 

 

Bulb

 

Methanol , aqueous

 

Reduce blood glucose level

 

 

Anti- diabetic *

 

Increased production and secretion of insulin, decrease in dietary glucose absorption

 

Farzaneh Kianian. Et.al 2020

 

 

 

 

16

 

  1. diallyl disulfide,
  2. s-allylcysteine (SAC), 3)allinase

 

 

16590,9793905

 

 

Bulb

 

 

Ethanol (95%)#

 

 

Treatment of cancer

 

 

Anti-cancer

 

 

 

Kundan singh bara et.al

 

 

17

 

1)S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide,

 

 

115015

 

 

Bulb

 

 

methanol

 

Inflammation, pain, swelling, fever

 

 

Atherosclerosis*

 

by inhibiting lipid peroxidation

 

Farzaneh Kianian. Et.al 2020

 

18

1)Diallyl sulfide, 2)diallyl disulfide,

3) trisulfide

 

11617,16590,16315

 

Bulb

 

acetone

 

Obesity, hypertension

 

antifungal

 

-

 

Irkin 2007

 

19

Cepaenes, thiosulphinates

 

 

Bulb

 

methanolic

 

 

Neuroprotective

 

-

Richa shri etal 2008

 

20

 

1) Cycloalliin

 

12305351

 

Leaves

 

ethanol#

 

-

 

Fibrinolytic*

 

-

 

R k Agarwal 1977

 

21

1)dialkyl disulfide (Alicin), 2)diallyl disulfide (DAS)

 

(2)16590,

 

 

 

 

Serum testosterone level increase

reduced lipid peroxidation index [malondialdehyde

(MDA)] and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD

 

Vahid 2014

PROTEIN/AMINO ACID

 

 

 

22

 

 

1)Methylcysteine,

 

 

 

225710

 

 

 

Bulb

 

 

Petroleum

ether & ethanol #

 

 

Headache, heart diseases, parasitic infections

 

 

Antihyperglycemic

 

 

 

Not mentioned

 

 

 

Kumari.et.al

 

 

 

23

 

 

  1. lectin
  2. agglutinin

 

 

 

 

Bulb

 

 

 

 

 

Immunomodulatory

 

 

 

Macrophage activation

 

 

Vaddi k.prasanna.2015

 

 

 

 

24

 

 

 

  1. anthraquinone
  2. coumarin

 

 

323,

6780

 

 

 

Bulb

 

 

 

Methanolic#

 

 

 

Anxiolytic

activity ,Anticonvulsant activity

 

 

 

Gaba agonism

 

 

Gummalla Pitchaiah et al

*- clinical activity #- Soxhlet method

Sr no.

Publication number

Tittle

Assignee

1

US20020187207A1 *

Method for extracting, fractionating and purifying polyphenolic compounds originating from fresh plant sorting

deviations using a high adsorption and elution performance resin

Institut National De La

Recherche Agronomique Inra

 

2

 

WO2009141834A3 *

The present invention deals with a process of preparing quercetin enriched and microencapsulated flavoured bioactive fraction from red onion (Allium cepa L), which possesses significant antioxidant and chelation

properties.

Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research

3

EP2454950A1 *

An onion extract which contains glutamyl methionine, quercetin and protocatechuic acid were identified

Takasago International

Corporation

4

US10328067B2 *

Pharmaceutical oral dose formulation and composition of matter, p – glycoprotein efflux transporter

David W. Thrower

5

US5093122A

A method of preparing a composition comprising an extract of an Allium genus plant and S-allylcysteine

Wakunnga pharmaceutical co

ltd

E. Utilizing Onions In Alternative Medicine

  1. It is mostly used as a traditional cold remedy.
  2. It stimulates the respiratory system and aids in sputum ejection (phlegm).
  3. It has essential oils that encourage perspiration by stimulating the sweat glands.
  4. It makes blood pressure normal.
  5. It makes you more hungry.
  6. It aids in diarrhoea prevention.
  7. It contains a lot of sulphur, a crucial ingredient that prevents or kills fungal diseases.
  8. It prevents the formation of cancerous cells, particularly colon cancer. Traditional healers all around the world are well aware of the anti-colon cancer qualities of green onions.
  9. Vitamins A and C are present. It also contains calcium in the white portion.
  10. It's a tasty starter.

II. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

A. Antibiotic Activity

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are both susceptible to the antibiotic effects of onions [11]. The Allium cepa fresh raw extracts have strong antibacterial properties against microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics [12]. The antibacterial activity of onion extracts against the test organisms has been demonstrated [13].

B. Antiviral Activity

The organosulfur chemicals quercetin and allicin, which are abundant in onions and garlic and have antiviral properties, limit viral infection [14]. The natural chemicals present in garlic and onions can be exploited as potent inhibitors against the primary protease of COVID-19 by investigating the molecular docking of that enzyme [15].

C. Antioxidants Activity

Due to the presence of large amounts of naturally occurring antioxidants like polyphenols, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds, A. Cepa has the potential to be an antioxidant [16,17]. Antioxidant properties of quercetin-3'-O-beta-D-glucoside obtained from Allium cepa[18].

D. Effects of anti-obesity

Onion peel extracts (OPE) high in quercetin have been shown to have anti-obesity effects. According to the findings, after 12 weeks of taking 100 mg of OPE capsules on a regular basis, there was a significant decrease in body weight (from 70.0 kg to 69.2 kg), BMI (from 26.6 kg/m2 to 26.3 kg/m2), and waist circumference (from 91.9 cm to 89.9 cm)[19].

E. Anti-arthritic Properties

The prevention of the main symptoms of arthritis and the reduction of joint damage brought on by CFA immune- mediate regulation monoarticular arthritis developed in rats were both demonstrated by extract of onion skin[20].

F. Cancer Prevention

Hepg2 cancer cells are resistant to an onion peel extract in ethanol (human liver cancer cell lines) Antigen- damaging action was found. Reduced intracellular ROS at doses of 1-100 g/ml. DNA damage in human leukocytes caused by reduced H2O2 and hydroxynonenal[21].

G. Hepatoprotective Properties

Onion extracts may be hepatoprotective against oxidative damage brought on by cadmium in rats. Onion methanolic extract significantly improves hepatoprotective action against hepatotoxicity brought on by paracetamol. In a dose-dependent way, allium cepa decreased total serum bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase. After the course of therapy, extract decreased the alanine aminotransferase level at 200 mg/kg by 15.79%, at 300 mg/kg by 20.67%, and at 450 mg/kg by 21.99% while also lowering the serum bilirubin[22].

H. Hypertension Prevention

The quercetin-containing hydroalcoholic extract of onion peel has anti-oxidant, antioxidant, and Ca2+ influx inhibitory properties in vascular smooth muscle cells[23]. Through inhibiting the overexpression of p47phox, a regulatory subunit of the membrane NADPH oxidase, a hypertension study using some rat models has shown that quercetin and its methylated metabolite isorhamnetin, found in onions, can lower blood pressure and prevent angiotensin-II-induced endothelial dysfunction. Nitric oxide had a high bioavailability as a result of the enhanced superoxide generation that followed[24,25].

I. Antiplatelet Activity

Inhibition of platelet aggregation was studied using various doses of quercetin and its glycosides, including quercetin (Q), quercetin-4′-O-monoglucoside (QMG), and quercetin-3, 4′-O-diglucoside (QDG). It was shown that the inhibitory impact of quercetin grew in a dose-dependent manner; 2.0 mg/ml demonstrated 100% inhibition of platelet aggregation, whereas 0.5 mg/ml nearly had no effect. Similarly, it was shown that quercetin glucosides at 2.0 mg/ml had 100% inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Quercetin-4′-O-monoglucoside (QMG) was more efficient than Quercetin-3, 4′-O-diglucoside (QDG) in the prevention of platelet aggregation, but both quercetin glucosides shown a distinct effect at 1 and 0.5 mg/ml.

J. Hypolipidemic effEcts

were demonstrated by sulphur compounds produced from onions, such as S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide and allyl propyl disulphide [26]. These have been demonstrated in rats and rabbits, and they reduce the effects of diet- induced atherosclerosis, preserve the action of hypolipidemia, and have inhibitory effects on platelet formation[27].

K. Anticoagulant Activity

Red onion aqueous extract has anticoagulant activity and had investigated by using the principles of prothrombin time test in In-vitro study [28]. Onion extract has anticoagulant property through prohibition of clot formation and coagulation process [29].

Conclusion

Allium cepa plant shows the presence of sulphur compounds, glycosides, quercetin, flavonoids, phenol compounds, diosgenin, organosulfur compounds, S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides, cycloallin, allylsulfides, seleno compounds, sugar, water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fibre, and potassium allium cepa. It also shows the presence of compounds demonstrating various therapeutic and pharmacological activity.as future aspect it may be shows various therapeutic importance.

References

[1] Griffins G, True man L, Crowther T, Thomas B, Smith B. Onions: a global benefit to health. Phytother Res.2002; 16(7):603-615. [2] Rose, P., Whiteman, M., Moore, P.K. & Zhu, Y.Z. (2005). Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents. Natural Product Reports, 22, 351–368. [3] Sujanthiya P, Swaminathan V, Arunkumar R, Siva kumar T. Exploration on pre sowing seed invigoration with growth regulators on germination of small onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020; 9(8):1219-1225. [4] Krishnaswamy K. Traditional Indian spices and their health significance. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;7(1):265-8. [5] Jedelska J. Pharmaceutical values of onions (Allium L.) and related species of central Asia. Paper presented: at doctoral degree of the natural sciences the department of pharmacy of the Philipps University of Marburg/ Lahn 2007, April, Sernberk, Olomouc, Czechia [6] Ellen Spector Platt, Garlic, Onion and Other Alliums, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books; 2003. [7] Estes J W, Staple Foods: Domesticated Plants and Animals: Onion, The Cambridge World History of Food, Ed. Kenneth [8] F. Kiple and Kriemhild Conee Omelas: Cambridge University Press;2000. [9] Randle W M, Onion Flavor Chemistry and Factors Influencing Flavor Intensity. American Chemical Society.1997;660(1):41-52. [10] K.P.Sampath Kumar, Allium cepa: a traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits, journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, j.chem. pharm res., 2010; 2(1): 283-291-285. [11] K. P. Sampath Kumar*1 [12] Sivam G P. Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J. Nutr. 2001; 131(3s):1106S-1108S [13] Zikora Anyaegbunam K, Ogara Amaechi L, Anyaegbunam Tito C, Oniwon Wisdom O, Ogechukwu Henrietta C, Cosmas S, Ofoefule Sabinus I. Antibacterial Activity of Fresh Red and White Onion (Allium cepa) Extract against Some Drug Resistant Bacteria. JAMB.2019;16(4):1-8. [14] Ahmed M K, Hani S F, Ahmad M A, Safaa A T. Antibacterial Effect of Onion. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2016; 4(11): 4128-4133.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Manoj S. Khandre, Mahavir H. Ghante, Soni P. Dake, Ansari ab Azeem, Pavan P. Kondewad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Paper Id : IJRASET54045

Publish Date : 2023-06-14

ISSN : 2321-9653

Publisher Name : IJRASET

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