Water Quality Monitoring Kit

Abstract

The integration of IoT in environmental monitoring has revolutionized the ways of administration and monitoring of water resources. Distributed network is used to collect Real-time and continuous data from sensors based on IoT systems used for better decision-making towards the use of sustainable water. This paper reviews recent publications on water quality monitoring systems based on IoT. To identify technological trends, design protocols, and implementation challenges, thirteen research works are analysed. It gives a summary of the evolution of sensor technologies, IoT architectures, integrated systems, and communication networks which offer reliable and efficient monitoring of water. Despite unparalleled advancement, issues such as calibration, data consistency, and performance during long-field deployments are not yet overcome. Further studies should focus on the scalability, interoperability, and sustainability of deployable practices so that IoT-based monitoring systems could be deployed under any environmental conditions.

Introduction

Water quality is crucial for human health and ecosystems, but traditional monitoring methods relying on manual sampling and lab tests are often slow and limited. IoT-based water monitoring systems offer real-time, autonomous, and cost-effective solutions using sensors, communication networks, data storage, and user interfaces. These systems measure key parameters like turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity, supporting pollution detection, irrigation management, and regulatory compliance.

IoT architectures integrate sensing, network, and application layers, using technologies like Wi-Fi, GSM, LoRa, BLE, and cloud platforms for data transmission and visualization. Sensors, including low-cost miniaturized nodes, require calibration to ensure accuracy, while redundancy, protective materials, and energy-efficient designs enhance reliability. Applications span surface water and groundwater monitoring, aquaculture management, urban water distribution, and smart city integration.

Challenges remain in sensor fouling, network reliability, power management, calibration standardization, long-term performance, data interoperability, scalability, and cybersecurity. Future directions emphasize improved energy efficiency, standardized protocols, expanded sensor arrays, secure data handling, and socioeconomically accessible systems to ensure sustainable, large-scale deployment of IoT-based water monitoring.

Conclusion

This review analysed thirteen recent studies related to IoT-based water quality monitoring systems, with a focus on advances in architectural design, sensor development, and communication technologies. This review demonstrated how IoT has evolved from early, experimental models into practical, field-deployable systems that can deliver reliable, continuous environmental information. Modular sensors, scalable communication networks, and cloud-based frameworks have been widely integrated to enhance the effectiveness of monitoring. In spite of these developments, there are issues related to long-term calibration, efficient power use, and absence of uniform standards that remain unresolved. These will need a multidisciplinary effort with sustained advances in sensor engineering, network optimization, and solutions for intelligent data management. As IoT technologies continue to progress, their role in water management will be crucial in promoting smart and data-driven decisions in protecting water resources worldwide.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Lakshmi K, Raksha RD, Mythili G, KN Yashaswini. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.