XRF Studies of Low Z Elements during Plant Growth, Sprouting and Fermentation: An Experimental Study in the Context of Biological Transmutations

Abstract

One of the most intriguing, contentious, and perplexing occurrences in both physics and biology is the biological transformation of elements. There are many proponents and even more opponents of this issue, which has been discussed numerous times in recent decades. In the current studies, the idea of transmutations was investigated using samples obtained from both short-duration (fermentation and sprouting) and long-duration (plant growth) biological processes in closed and regulated environments. The onset of biological process is the initiation of biotic life under the action of micro-organisms. Nutrient elemental alterations have been examined from the standpoint of transmutation in samples taken both before and after the biological process began. From these experiments and research, a calculated change in elemental composition for K, Ca and Fe over the duration of each experiment has been found.

Introduction

The study investigates the controversial hypothesis of biological transmutation—the idea that living organisms can convert one chemical element into another through low-energy, non-radioactive nuclear processes. While conventional science explains biological processes through chemistry, proponents such as Kervran suggest that certain biological phenomena cannot be explained by chemistry alone and may involve elemental transmutation. The proposed mechanisms are unknown but are hypothesized to involve enzyme-catalyzed nuclear changes, possibly influenced by environmental factors such as lunar phases and Earth's magnetic field.

To examine this hypothesis, the researchers designed controlled experiments involving:

• Fenugreek plant growth under different calcium (CaCO?) and potassium (KCl) fertilizer treatments.
• Sprouting of mung beans during different lunar phases to investigate any influence of the Moon on elemental composition.
• Fermentation of wheat dough with yoghurt to determine whether enzyme activity during fermentation could cause elemental changes.

Plant Growth Experiment

Fenugreek seeds were grown for 40 days in ten pots containing a standardized mixture of sewage soil, clay soil, and sand. Different pots received varying concentrations of calcium and potassium fertilizers, while one pot served as an untreated control. After harvest:

• Plant and soil samples were dried, powdered, and compressed into pellets.
• The concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) were measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.
• Standard reference materials were used for calibration, and measurements achieved better than 1% statistical accuracy.

Data Analysis

The researchers compared:

• The total amounts of K, Ca, and Fe present before planting (seed + soil).
• The total amounts after plant growth (plant + soil).

The analysis showed that:

• The concentrations of K, Ca, and Fe varied considerably among treatments.
• Calcium content generally increased after plant growth, whereas potassium and iron showed both increases and decreases depending on fertilizer treatment.
• Relative changes differed between calcium- and potassium-treated pots.

The authors interpret these elemental changes as possible evidence supporting biological transmutation, although the data alone do not establish that transmutation occurred because changes in measured elemental concentrations can also arise from biological uptake, redistribution within the soil–plant system, experimental uncertainty, or other conventional processes.

Sprouting Experiment

The second experiment focused on mung bean sprouting, a biologically active process driven by enzymes. Since traditional beliefs and some earlier studies have suggested that lunar phases may influence seed germination and plant growth, the researchers examined sprouts produced during different moon phases to determine whether mineral concentrations changed in a manner consistent with biological transmutation.

Conclusion

In the present study, elemental analysis has been done for complete system of biological processes of plantation, sprouting and fermentation under controlled environment. The observed variations in elemental composition during plantation, sprouting and fermentation may be interpreted in the context of hypotheses proposing biological transmutation within living systems. If interpreted within the framework of biological transmutation, the observed elemental variations may be associated with low-energy nuclear processes occurring under specific biological conditions such as temperature, cellular architecture, molecular composition, and the surrounding environment consisting of enzymes, nutrients, and proteins. The present observations are consistent with the possibility that elemental transformations may occur within the structural components of biological entities, which are influenced dynamically (such as in growth zones, non-stationary transport systems, and responsive mechanisms to varying forms of agitation, etc.). Consistent with earlier reports, the current study observed elemental variations during seed germination, based on its biological activity requirements and environment, that may be interpreted within the framework of biological transmutation. However, further investigations are required to establish conclusively whether these observations result from biological transmutation or other underlying processes. These experimental findings demonstrate measurable variations in elemental composition during biological processes and provide motivation for further investigations into the mechanisms responsible for these observations. While there are variations observed in the elemental composition, the present study does not directly identify the mechanism responsible for these changes. It is essential to investigate biological transmutations thoroughly, as the implications of this research are crucial for science, agriculture, health, and medicine. So, future investigations using complementary analytical techniques, and independent replication are required to further evaluate the underlying processes.

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Copyright © 2026 Kanan Deep, Raj Mittal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.