A Comprehensive Review on Electric Vehicles Security

Abstract

This paper presents an advanced vehicle security system leveraging an embedded system and GSM module. The proposed system integrates several key security features, including password-protected vehicle ignition activated via GSM, a biometric fingerprint locking mechanism for car doors, and real-time rash driving detection using an ADXL335 sensor coupled with GPS location tracking. The system utilizes an Arduino UNO microcontroller and displays relevant information on a 16x2 LCD. This multi-layered approach aims to significantly enhance vehicle security and driver safety.

Introduction

???? Introduction

Traditional vehicle security methods like mechanical locks and alarms are increasingly ineffective against modern threats such as theft, rash driving, and unauthorized access. To address these issues, this project proposes a smart vehicle security system using embedded systems, GSM, and GPS technologies, centered on the Arduino UNO microcontroller.

????? Key Features of the Proposed System

• Multi-Layer Security:

  • Fingerprint-based door locking (biometric access).

  • Password-protected vehicle ignition via GSM.

  • Rash driving detection using ADXL335 accelerometer.

  • Real-time GPS tracking and alert system.

  • LCD Display for user notifications.

  • Buzzer/Alarm for physical alerts.

• Remote Monitoring & Control:

  • Sends SMS alerts using GSM.

  • Tracks vehicle location with GPS.

  • Supports remote immobilization in case of theft.

• Integration with EVs:

  • Tailored for electric vehicles (EVs), addressing cyber-physical risks and enhancing safety, monitoring, and driver behavior analytics.

???? Literature Review Highlights

Several recent works explore vehicle security enhancements:

• IoT-enabled systems with adaptive headlights and obstacle detection.

• Remote control systems for locking and AC management.

• Biometric authentication (facial and fingerprint recognition).

• Cloud integration, license verification, and drowsiness detection.

• Two-factor authentication with QR codes and ANPR in carparks.

These studies reinforce the shift from mechanical to digital, real-time, and personalized vehicle protection systems.

? Problem Statement

There is a growing need for advanced systems to combat:

• Vehicle theft

• Unauthorized access

• Rash driving
  Traditional systems are insufficient. The solution lies in real-time, multi-layered security using embedded technologies.

???? Hardware Components

1. Arduino UNO – Core control unit.

2. ADXL335 Sensor – Detects rash driving via acceleration changes.

3. GSM Module – Sends SMS alerts, remote communication.

4. GPS Module – Provides location tracking.

5. Locking Module – Controls car doors.

6. Ignition Key Setup – Electrically controls vehicle start.

7. Fingerprint Scanner – Biometric access control.

8. 16x2 LCD Display – Shows status messages.

9. Buzzer – Alerts for unauthorized access.

10. 775 DC Motor – Represents engine control (used in prototypes).

???? System Methodology

1. Power Supply: Operates independently from main vehicle power.

2. User Authentication:

   • Mechanical key

   • Fingerprint

   • PIN via keypad

3. Real-Time Monitoring:

   • Detects motion or tampering.

   • Sends alerts with GPS data.

4. Response Mechanism:

   • Buzzer and display activation.

   • Possible remote immobilization.

???? Block Diagram Summary

The block diagram outlines the flow:

• Inputs: Key, fingerprint, GPS, keypad, ADXL sensor.

• Processing: Arduino UNO makes security decisions.

• Outputs: LCD display, buzzer, GSM alerts, motor control.

Conclusion

The proposed advanced vehicle security system successfully integrates various embedded components such as an Arduino UNO, GPS module, fingerprint sensor, rash driving sensor (ADXL335), GSM module, and other peripheral devices to ensure a robust and efficient safety mechanism for electric vehicles (EVs). The system aims to prevent unauthorized access using biometric verification, detect rash driving behaviors, and instantly communicate alerts via GSM. It also includes essential features such as real-time location tracking, vehicle locking control, and driver authentication, all displayed through an LCD interface. The primary goal of this project is to enhance vehicle safety through automation, reduce the risk of theft, and improve driver accountability. By monitoring driving behavior and ensuring only authorized users can access and start the vehicle, this system addresses both safety and security concerns comprehensively. The scope of this system extends to both personal and commercial vehicles, offering scalability for fleet management, accident detection, and remote immobilization. Future enhancements may include camera integration, IoT connectivity for cloud data logging, and AI-based behavior analysis for predictive alerts. In conclusion, this system offers a comprehensive, low-cost, and effective solution for enhancing vehicle security. By combining biometric authentication, GPS tracking, and GSM communication, it ensures real-time monitoring and immediate response to abnormal events like unauthorized access or rash driving. The embedded control through Arduino UNO provides flexibility and ease of implementation.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Vinay B R, Akash K R, Manoj S Achar, Vaibhava E M, Rashmi P.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.