Regenerative Braking System: Why is Energy Regeneration System Required?

Abstract

Introduction

The vehicle’s primary goal is to improve energy efficiency through an Energy Regeneration System (ERS) that captures kinetic energy during braking and stores it in a high-capacity battery. This stored energy is then converted back into electrical power to recharge the battery, reducing energy wastage and external energy dependency, making the vehicle more eco-friendly.

At the core of this system is a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor, which, unlike traditional friction brakes, uses regenerative braking to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy during deceleration, especially effective in stop-and-go traffic. The BLDC motor features a permanent magnet rotor and a stator that generates a magnetic field, controlled via current adjustments and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for efficient braking and torque control.

The electric vehicle operates in two key phases:

• Acceleration: Battery supplies positive current to the motor to drive the vehicle forward.

• Braking: Regenerative braking reverses current flow as the motor generates reverse torque, charging the battery with braking energy. Control systems including hall effect sensors and PI controllers manage this process.

System components include:

• A 48V, 50Ah battery for energy storage.

• A universal bridge block for fast switching.

• A Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) used as the BLDC motor.

• Controllers with hall sensors and PI control to optimize motor function and braking.

Performance analysis shows:

• Vehicle weight: 220 kg

• Initial speed: 35 km/h

• Braking force: 1100 N

• Stopping distance: 4 m

• Regeneration efficiency: 56%

• Energy conversion efficiency: 80%

Calculations indicate that during braking, a significant portion of kinetic energy (~1379.8 J) can be recovered and stored, improving overall vehicle energy efficiency and contributing to sustainable transportation.

Conclusion

Our vehicle\'s Fundamental objective revolves around the incorporation of the Energy RegenerationSystem (ERS)designedtoenhance energy efficiency. The ERSfunctionsby capturing kinetic energy generated during braking and deceleration, effectively storing this energy in a high-capacity battery. Subsequently, the vehicle\'s powertrain converts this stored energy into electricalpowertorechargethebatterythroughthe ERS.Thisinnovativeapproachnotonlyconverges energy but also exemplifies the efficient transformationofenergyfromonestatetoanother.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Suyash Tripathi, Avanish Kumar Tiwari, Samyak Jain, Priyanshu Tomar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.