Solar Pizeo Hybrid Charging System

Abstract

The efficient utilization and management of renewable energy sources have become increasingly important in modern electrical systems. This paper presents a hybrid energy management system that integrates solar and piezoelectric energy sources using an ESP32-based control architecture. The proposed system enables controlled switching between multiple operating modes using relay-based logic, ensuring optimal energy flow and utilization. Solar energy is used for charging a battery, while piezoelectric energy is stored in a capacitor. The system allows manual mode selection through a Bluetooth-enabled graphical user interface (GUI), ensuring flexibility in operation. Voltage sensing mechanisms are incorporated to monitor battery status and energy source utilization in real-time. The system also displays data on an I2C LCD for local monitoring. This approach enhances energy efficiency, provides real-time control, and ensures safe operation of hybrid renewable systems. Although the system requires careful design and integration, it offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for energy management applications.

Introduction

The system integrates solar panels and piezoelectric discs to generate energy, which is stored in a battery and capacitor respectively. An ESP32 microcontroller manages the entire setup using relay-based switching, enabling four operating modes: solar-to-battery charging, battery-to-load supply, piezo-to-capacitor charging, and capacitor-to-load discharge. A Bluetooth-enabled GUI allows users to remotely select modes and monitor system status, while a voltage sensor and LCD display provide real-time feedback.

Overall, the project improves energy utilization by enabling flexible control, efficient storage, and dual-source renewable energy management. Experimental results show succ

Conclusion

The ESP32-based hybrid energy management system provides an efficient solution for integrating solar and piezoelectric energy sources. The relay-based switching ensures safe and flexible operation across multiple modes. Real-time monitoring and Bluetooth control enhance usability and system performance. This system can be extended for IoT-based smart energy applications, making it a scalable and practical solution for renewable energy management.

References

[1] Malek, A., et al., “Design and Implementation of Sustainable Solar Energy Harvesting System,” Results in Engineering, Elsevier, 2023. [2] Jettanasen, C., et al., “Development of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Sustainable Applications,” Sustainability, MDPI, 2020. [3] Juanda, B., et al., “Micropower Design of Energy Harvesting Based on Piezoelectric Transducer Array Circuit,” 2024. [4] “IoT-Enabled Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System,” IJRTI Journal, 2025. [5] “Piezo and Solar Based Power Generation and Smart Grid System using ESP32,” 2024.

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Arman Mulani, Mithesh Dhumal, Aditya Dalvi, Tejas Bhosale, Siddhesh Desai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.