Survey of Synergistic Advances in Photonic Bandgap-Based Wireless Antennas: Review and Applications

Abstract

This paper gives an elaborate overview of the latest advances in energy-based antennas in the period between 1987 and 2026 [1][2]. In this regard, the paper focuses on the basic principles of photonic bandgap (PBG) structures and the different design methods that can be used in combination with different antennas.[3][4]. In addition, this paper highlights the latest developments in the technology of antenna design utilising PBG material in combination with the modern devices of wireless communication systems, such as IoT technology, mm-wave communication, terahertz systems, as well as the future 5G and 6G systems [12]. In addition, the paper emphasises the main advantages of designing PBG antennas, as well as existing limitations and further perspectives in this sphere of scientific research and development. This paper concentrates on the issue of scaling of the PBG patterning technologies, combined with the appropriate substrates.

Introduction

Photonic Bandgap (PBG) and Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures are advanced periodic materials used in antenna design to control the propagation of electromagnetic waves by creating frequency bands where waves are either allowed or blocked. Unlike conventional antennas that rely mainly on geometry, PBG-based antennas introduce engineered dispersion, enabling improved gain, bandwidth, efficiency, and surface-wave suppression. These technologies are widely applied in modern antenna types such as metasurface antennas, reflect arrays, leaky-wave antennas, dielectric rod antennas, and horn antennas.

The design evolution of PBG antennas began with early structures like mushroom-type EBG and uni-planar compact PBG (UC-PBG), which were used to reduce surface-wave losses in microstrip antennas. Later developments introduced photonic crystals with periodic air holes, where bandgap properties depend on lattice parameters, dielectric constant, and geometry. Different antenna applications emerged, including reflect arrays for high gain and beam steering, metasurface antennas for beam shaping in 5G and satellite systems, leaky-wave antennas for frequency-dependent beam scanning, and dielectric rod antennas for harmonic suppression.

PBG antenna design typically involves unit cell modeling, simulation (CST, HFSS, COMSOL), bandgap analysis, and iterative optimization. Structures are classified into 1D, 2D, and 3D types, with 2D being most practical for antenna applications. Key performance improvements include up to 65% surface-wave suppression, 2–8 dB gain enhancement, better bandwidth, reduced mutual coupling, and improved radiation efficiency.

Conclusion

Innovation in photonics\' field of study has resulted in a dramatic shift in wireless antenna design, which has made the simultaneous realization of seemingly incompatible goals, including miniaturization, widening bandwidth, increasing gain, and overall downsizing, possible [20]. The development from 2006 to 2026 suggests not only a steady growth in number of publications and applications, but also a transition from theoretical research to practical use in the context of 5G technology, portable devices, and special cases like terahertz communication systems [52]. Using modern materials, especially 3D printed ones and composite materials, was instrumental in overcoming previous limitations, thus enabling cost-efficient production, which is important for mass production. In light of possible uses of modern photonics, the optimization opportunities provided by artificial intelligence and their potential application in future generations of wireless technology, especially 6G systems, it can be concluded that photonic bandgap antennas may very well be in the early stages of development even after two decades since the first appearance.

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